UNIVERSITY  OF  CA  RIVERSIDE,  LIBRARY 


3  1210  01981  1023 

Ref  Z  "^ 

S36       Topical  Studies  and  References 

1919 

on  the 


Economic  History  of  American 
Agriculture 


By 


LOUIS  BERNARD  SCHMIDT 

Professor  ol  History  in  the  Iowa  State  College  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 


THE  McKINLEY  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

PHILADELPHIA 

1919 


P0t3  NUI  UIKCUUTg 


Topical  Studies  and  References 

on  the 

Economic  History  of  American 
Agriculture 


By 

LOUIS  BERNARD  SCHMIDT 

Professor  of  History  in  the  Iowa  State  College  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 


THE  McKINLEY  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

PHILADELPHIA 

1919 


VI; 


PREFACE 

The  following  topical  studies  and  references  have 
been  prepared  in  connection  with  a  course  of  lectures 
on  the  economic  history  of  American  agriculture  which 
I  have  been  giving  at  the  Iowa  State  College  of  Agri- 
culture and  Mechanic  Arts  during  the  past  six  years. 
They  are  now  presented  in  published  form  with  the 
hope  that  they  may  serve  to  encourage  the  further 
establishment  of  similar  courses  of  instruction  in 
other  institutions  of  learning,  and  thereby  stimulate 
a  more  active  interest  in  a  most  important,  though 
hitherto  neglected,  phase  of  our  national  develop- 
ment. 


Louis  B.  Schmidt. 


Ames,  Iowa. 
July  15,  1919. 


THE  ECONOMIC  HISTORY  OF 

AMERICAN  AGRICULTURE 

AS  A  FIELD  FOR  STUDY^ 


The  New  History. 

History,  like  all  other  studies,  has  repeatedly 
undergone  significant  changes  in  point  of  view  and 
in  methods  of  interpretation.  Formerly,  it  was  re- 
garded as  a  narrative  of  past  events,  and  its  chief 
purpose  was  to  interest  and  amuse  the  reader,  rather 
than  to  contribute  to  a  well  considered  body  of  scien- 
tific knowledge.  This  conception  of  history,  how- 
ever, has  been  greatly  changed  during  the  past  fifty 
years  by  the  introduction  of  the  scientific  method  in 
historical  investigation.  The  main  objective  of  this 
method  is  the  critical  study  of  the  past  life  of  human- 
ity, not  only  for  its  own  sake,  but  also  for  the  sake 
of  enabling  us  to  understand  better  the  present  life 
of  the  times  of  which  we  ourselves  are  a  part.  It  has 
led  students  to  search  beneath  the  surface  of  passing 
events  and  to  study  the  institutional  life  of  society ; 
in  other  words,  the  common  every-day  life  of  human- 
ity. It  has  brought  about  a  reconstruction  of  the 
whole  field  of  history  with  the  result  that  all  phases 
of  human  progress  are  being  studied  and  presented 
in  a  new  light.  It  conceives  of  history  as  a  social 
science  whose  concern  is  the  scientific  study  of  the 
past  life  of  human  society  in  its  economic,  social,  re- 
ligious, political,  military,  aesthetic,  and  intellectual 
phases. 

1  This  paper  was  presented  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
American  Historical  Association,  lield  in  Washinjyton,  D.  C, 
December  28,  1915.  Reprinted  from  The  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Review,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  1,  June,  1916,  pp.  39-49. 
]Maro:inal  headinps  have  been  added  and  sub-topics  num- 
bered and  italicized. 


Importance  of  Economic  Forces  in  the  Study  of 
American  History. 

The  application  of  the  scientific  method  of  the 
study  of  American  history  has  brought  out  more 
clearly  the  significance  of  the  economic  forces  under- 
lying our  national  development.  It  has  been  only  a 
few  years  since  the  histories  of  the  United  States 
treated  merely  the  political,  military,  and  religious 
phases  of  American  life,  while  the  economic  and  social 
were  neglected,  if  not  altogether  ignored;  and  this  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  the  latter  have  been  constantly 
gaining  in  importance  with  our  material  progress  and 
have  formed,  further,  the  real  essence  of  our  most 
crucial  political  questions.  We  need  only  refer  to  the 
slavery  question  with  its  many  complications,  or  con- 
sider the  debates  on  the  public  lands,  internal  im- 
provements, the  United  States  bank,  the  tariff,  the 
currency,  immigration,  the  organization  of  labor,  and 
the  regulation  of  corporations,  to  show  what  an  im- 
portant part  economic  questions  have  played  in 
American  politics. 

The  Need  for  the  Study  of  American  Economic 
History. 

To-day,  economic  and  social  problems  are  pressing 
for  solution ;  and  questions  of  government  are  becom- 
ing, to  an  ever-increasing  extent,  economic  rather  than 
political.  The  scientific  spirit  is  making  new  demands 
upon  the  past.  It  wants  to  know  a  thousand  things 
concerning  which  analysts  in  former  times  were  not 
curious.  \Vhereas  historians  have  hitherto  interro- 
gated the  past  concerning  the  doings  of  generals, 
politicians,  and  churchmen,  they  are  now  coming  to 
search  for  information  concerning  such  matters  as  the 
tenure  of  public  and  private  land,  the  migrations  of 
settlers  and  of  crop  areas,  the  rise  of  trades  unions 
and  farmers'  organizations,  the  growth  of  corpora- 
tions, the  status  of  the  negro,  and  the  advance  of  edu- 
cation.    The   rising  school  of  economic  historians  is 

6 


responding  to  the  demands  of  a  new  age  and  the  his- 
tory of  our  countr}'  is  being  reexplored  and  rewritten 
in  order  that  we  may  better  understand  the  present 
with  its  complex  economic  and  social  problems :  in 
other  words,  that  we  may  better  interpret  our  own 
times  in  the  light  of  economic  and  social  evolution. 

Fundamental   Significance  of  the   History  of 
American  Agriculture. 

Of  fundamental  significance  in  the  scientific  study 
of  American  develoi)ment  is  the  economic  history  of 
our  agriculture.  This  phase  of  our  history  has  not 
liitherto  received  the  attention  at  the  hand  of  histor- 
ians which  its  importance  merits.  It  is  time,  there- 
fore, first,  to  define  the  economic  history  of  American 
agriculture  as  a  field  of  study ;  second,  to  review  some 
of  the  reasons  why  special  attention  should  be  di- 
rected to  this  field ;  and,  third,  to  suggest  some  of  the 
more  important  problems  which  this  field  offers  for 
investigation. 

The  economic  history  of  American  agriculture  in- 
cludes much  more  tlian  a  mere  account  of  progress  in 
the  technique  of  agriculture.  It  is  concerned  with  all 
the  facts,  forces,  and  conditions  which  have  entered 
into  the  development  of  agriculture  in  the  United 
States,  from  the  founding  of  Jamestown  to  the  Pan- 
American  exposition.  It  deals  with  the  influences 
affecting  the  evolution  of  agriculture  and  of  agricul- 
tural societies  in  different  sections;  the  problems  en- 
gaging the  attention  of  the  rural  population  in  vari- 
ous periods ;  the  relation  of  agriculture  to  other  in- 
dustries;  the  contributions  of  the  agricultural 
population  to  the  professions,  to  politics,  and  to  leg- 
islation; and  the  influences  of  our  agricultural  devel- 
opment on  our  national  life.  It  includes  the  study  of 
the  whole  life  of  the  rural  population,  economic,  social, 
moral,  religious,  intellectual,  and  political.  Viewed 
in  one  way  the  history  of  the  United  States  from  the 
beginning  has  been  in  a  very  large  measure  the  story 
of  rural  communities  advancing  westward  by  the  con- 

7 


quest  of  the  soil^  developing  from  a  state  of  primitive 
self-sufficiency  to  a  capitalistic  and  highly  complex 
agricultural  organization. 

Reasons  for  the  Study  of  the  Econoaiic  History 
OF  American  Agriculture. 

These  preliminary  considerations  show  the  broad 
scope  of  the  economic  history  of  American  agricul- 
ture as  a  field  for  study.  What,  then,  are  some  of 
the  more  important  reasons  for  directing  attention  to 
this  field.? 

1.  Agriculture  is  the  fundamental  basis  of  our  pros- 
perity. The  greater  portion  of  our  population  has 
always  dwelt  in  rural  communities.  According  to  the 
census,  the  rural  population  in  1790  represented 
ninety-six  and  seven-tenths  per  cent,  of  the  total ;  in 
1880,  seventy  and  five-tenths  per  cent.;  and  in  1910, 
fifty-three  and  seven-tenths  per  cent. ;  thus  it  still 
constitutes  more  than  half  of  the  whole  population. 
Jn  1910,  thirty- four  and  six-tenths  per  cent,  of  the 
population  was  engaged  directly  in  the  cultivation  of 
the  soil,  a  greater  proportion  than  is  engaged  in  any 
other  occujoation.  The  value  of  farm  property  as 
compared  with  that  of  manufacturing,  transportation, 
forestry,  and  mining  industries  also  emphasizes  the 
great  prominence  of  agriculture;  and  finally,  the 
study  of  cycles  in  business  prosperity  indicates  that 
our  general  well-being  has  always  been  dependent  on 
this  industry. 

2.  The  economic  history  of  American  agriculture  is 
indispensahle  to  a  correct  understanding  of  much  of 
our  political  and  diplomatic  history.  A  considera- 
tion of  the  effect  of  cotton  and  slavery  on  the  whole 
history  of  party  politics  from  the  adoption  of  the  con- 
stitution down  to  the  civil  war.  or  of  the  rapid  growth 
of  the  wheat  industry  in  its  relation  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  farmers'  party  and  the  effect  of  this  party 
movement  on  national  legislation,  as  evidenced,  for 
instance,  by  the  interstate  commerce  act  of  1887  and 
the  Sherman  anti-trust  act  of  1890,  will  give  anyone 

S 


an  ajipreciation  of  the  fact  that  in  order  to  under- 
stand our  political  history,  no  little  attention  must  be 
given  to  the  economic  history  of  agriculture.  A  con- 
sideration of  the  influence  of  the  agricultural  indus- 
try on  our  foreign  relations  and  the  making  of  com- 
mercial and  other  treaties  will  further  emphasize  this 
same  fact.  It  was  the  demand  of  the  southwestern 
farmers  for  the  free  and  unrestricted  navigation  of 
the  Mississippi  which  led  directly  to  the  purchase 
of  Louisiana  from  Napoleon.  It  was  the  interfer- 
ence with  American  shipping  and  the  seizure  of 
American  food  j^roducts  which  led  to  the  war  of  1812. 
It  has  been  generally  conceded  that  England's  need 
of  cotton  was  chiefly  responsible  for  that  country's 
sympathetic  attitude  toward  the  South  during  the 
civil  war;  it  is  equally  significant  that  her  imperative 
need  of  northern  wheat  operated  effectively  to  keep 
England  officially  neutral.  These  illustrations  are 
sufficient  to  suggest  the  importance  of  our  agrarian 
history  in  the  study  of  American  diplomacy ;  our  na- 
tion's historians  have  been  too  much  inclined  to  take 
a  provincial  view  of  the  national  past — the  "  short- 
view,"  as  the  late  Rear-Admiral  Mahan  has  expressed 
it.  It  is  time  to  abandon  this  attitude,  and  to  take 
the  larger  or  the  "  long-view  "  of  the  forces  which 
have  shaped  our  destinies. 

3.  Our  agricultural  history  offers  an  excellent  op- 
portunitij  for  the  study  of  the  lives  and  services  of 
eminent  men  xvho  have  profoundly  affected  American 
economic  development.  Consider  tlie  influence  of  Eli 
Whitney  on  the  history  of  the  cotton  industry,  or  that 
of  Cyrus  Hall  ]\IcCormick  on  the  history  of  the  cereal 
production.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  tri- 
umph of  the  north  over  the  south  in  1865  was  the 
triumph  of  the  reaper  over  the  cotton  gin,  and  that 
McCormick  and  Whitney  deserve  as  great  a  place  in 
American  history  as  U.  S.  Grant  and  Robert  E.  Lee. 
Or  consider  the  influence  of  Franklin.  Washington. 
and  Jefferson  on  the  early  formation  of  agricultural 
societies ;  of  Thomas  H.  Benton  and  Galusha  A.  Grow 

9 


on  the  movement  of  free  homesteads  for  actual  set- 
tlers; of  Senator  Morrill  on  the  establishment  of  col- 
leges of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts ;  of  O.  H. 
Kelly  on  the  granger  movement;  of  General  James  B. 
Weaver  on  the  organization  of  a  farmers'  party ;  and 
of  P.  G.  Holden,  "  the  corn  wizard,"  on  the  develop- 
ment of  rural  extension  work  and  the  popularization 
of  better  farming  methods.  These  names  will  sug- 
gest at  once  a  host  of  other  Americans  who  have  con- 
tributed to  the  development  of  the  farming  industry ; 
our  agrarian  history  is  rich  in  the  personal  element. 

4.  It  further  furnishes  a  background  for  the  study 
of  agricultural  economics.  It  is  recognized  that  eco- 
nomic science  bears  about  the  same  relation  to  eco- 
nomic history  that  political  science  bears  to  political 
history.  The  value  of  political  history  to  the  politi- 
cal scientist  is  so  obvious  as  to  require  no  defense. 
It  is  equally  evident  that  agricultural  economics,  a 
science  which  is  of  recent  origin,  must  have  a  his- 
torical foundation  and  background.  The  agricultural 
economist  needs  to  be  familiar  with  the  economic  life 
of  man  in  the  past  in  order  to  realize  and  appreciate 
the  organic  nature  of  society.  He  should  be  his- 
torically minded  if  he  would  deal  most  efficiently  with 
the  problems  of  the  present.  With  the  introduction 
of  the  science  of  agricultviral  economics  into  the  land 
grant  colleges  and  universities  of  the  country,  there- 
fore, comes  a  new  motive  for  productive  work  in  the 
field  of  agricultural  history. 

5.  The  history  of  American  agriculture,  then,  is 
essential  to  the  development  of  a  sound  and  far- 
sighted  riiral  economy.  The  great  problems  of  rural 
communities  are  human  rather  than  merely  material- 
istic. That  is  to  say,  they  are  economic,  social,  and 
educational,  and  cannot  be  understood  except  in  the 
light  of  their  historical  evolution.  Government  action 
involving:  agricultural  interests  should  be  based  on  a 
broad  knowledge  of  rural  economic  history.  Ques- 
tions of  land  tenure,  tenancy,  size  of  farms,  markets 
(including  the  complex  problems  of  distribution  and 

10 


exchange)^  capitalistic  agriculture,  the  rise  of  land 
values,  rural  credits,  farmers'  organizations  with  their 
economic,  social,  intellectual,  and  political  functions, 
the  rural  school,  the  rural  church,  and  good  roads : 
these  are  only  a  few  of  the  vital  problems  which 
should  be  considered  from  a  historical  and  compara- 
tive as  well  as  from  a  purely  technical  point  of  view. 
Rural  problems  will  henceforth  demand  a  superior 
type  of  statesmanship,  for  we  are  to-day  rapidly 
passing  through  a  great  transition  period  of  our  his- 
tory. We  have  emerged  from  the  period  of  coloni- 
zation, of  exploitation,  of  extensive  development,  and 
have  entered  the  period  of  intensive  development. 
There  is  a  greater  need  than  ever  for  calling  upon 
the  wisdom  and  experience  of  the  past  in  the  work- 
ing out  of  a  sound  and  farsighted  ruxal  economy.  We 
are  in  need  of  a  scientific  treatment  of  the  economic 
history  of  agriculture  in  this  country  to  help  supply 
this  need. 

Indications  of  an  Awakening  Interest  in  Our 
Agrarian  History. 

The  subject,  thus  outlined,  presents  an  inviting 
field  for  study  and  investigation.  Although  it  has 
been  neglected,  not  to  say  almost  entirely  ignored,  by 
our  nation's  historians,  it  is  encouraging  to  note  an 
awakening  interest  in  this  direction.  Some  of  the 
leading  institutions  of  the  country,  particularly 
Harvard,  Wisconsin,  and  Columbia,  are  directing  re- 
search work  in  this  field,  and  a  few  of  these  institu- 
tions have  begun  to  offer  courses  on  the  subject.  At 
the  Iowa  State  College,  for  example,  such  a  course  is 
offered,  and  it  is  required  in  the  various  departments 
of  the  division  of  agriculture,  in  addition  to  the  course 
in  agricultural  economics.  ^Mention  should  also  be 
made  of  the  work  now  being  undertaken  by  the  de- 
partment of  economics  and  sociology  in  tlie  Carnegie 
institution  at  Washington,  under  whose  auspices  a 
rumber  of  published  and  unpublished  monograplis  in 
the   economic    history    of   American    agriculture   have 

11 


already  been  prepared.  Under  its  direction,  the 
materials  are  being  collected  for  a  comprehensive  his- 
tory of  American  agriculture  which  will  serve  as  an 
encyclopedia  on  the  subject.  These  contributions, 
however,  represent  merely  the  pioneer  undertakings, 
which  will  need  to  be  supplemented  by  niuuerous 
studies  if  the  economic  history  of  American  agricul- 
ture is  to  be  properly  emphasized  and  recorded.  The 
limits  of  this  paper  will  permit  only  a  brief  consid- 
eration of  some  of  the  more  important  problems  which 
await  the  labors  of  the  historian. 

Some   Problems  which  the   Ecoxomic  History  of 

American    Agriculture    Offers    for 

Investigation. 

1.  Among  these  subjects,  that  of  the  public  lands 
commands  primary  consideration.  The  entire  land 
area  of  continental  United  States  amounts  to  1,903,- 
289,600  acres.  Of  this  area  forty-six  and  two-tenths 
per  cent.,  or  878,798,325  acres,  have  been  carved  out 
into  farms.  The  remainder  consists  of  forests  and 
mineral  holdings  and  reserves,  land  occupied  by 
towns  and  cities,  railroads'  rights  of  way,  public  high- 
ways, mountainous  country,  and  arid  and  swamp 
lands.  There  remain  unreserved  and  unappropriated 
only  290,000,000  acres,  the  great  portion  of  which 
will  never  be  available  for  agricultural  purposes. 

The  transference  of  the  originally  vast  heritage 
from  public  to  private  ownership  is  of  fundamental 
significance ;  its  history  should  include  a  considera- 
tion of  early  French,  Spanish,  and  English  land 
grants  to  individuals  and  to  colonial  corporations,  of 
colonial  systems  of  land  disposal,  and  of  the  various 
methods  by  which  the  national  and  state  governments 
have  disposed  of  public  lands  to  the  settler,  to  the 
"  land  grabber  ",  and  to  the  speculator.  A  review  of 
the  federal  land  policy  presents  the  story  of  a  long 
and  bitter  contest  between  the  east  and  west,  cul- 
minating in  the  triumph  of  the  latter  in  the  enactment 
of  the  preemption  law  of   1841,   and  the  homestead 

12 


act  of  1862.  This  struggle  was  involved  with  other 
public  questions :  the  protective  tariff,  New  England's 
primary  concern;  and  slavery,  the  major  interest  of 
the  South.  The  ascendency  of  the  slavery  issue  after 
the  Mexican  war  brought  the  east  to  the  support  of 
the  west  in  opposition  to  slavery  extension,  and  in 
the  demand  for  free  homesteads  which  was  inserted 
in  the  republican  platform  of  1860.  Representative 
Lovejoy,  of  Illinois,  is  authority  for  the  statement 
that  without  this  plank  Lincoln  could  not  have  been 
elected.  With  the  secession  of  the  southern  states, 
the  enactment  of  the  homestead  law  was  assured. 
But  Congress  and  the  land  office,  in  devising  the  lib- 
eral land  policy,  did  not  guard  the  right  of  the  actual 
settler  against  land  pirates.  Ruthless  spoliation  was 
practiced  until  all  the  best  land  M'as  gone.  Recent 
tendencies  in  land  legislation  indicate  an  intention 
on  the  part  of  the  government  to  revert  to  the  original 
purpose  of  the  law  of  1862,  and  to  assign  free  home- 
steads only  to  actual  settlers. 

The  rapid  disposal  of  the  swamp  land  grants,  the 
internal  imj^rovement  and  railway  grants,  the  section 
grants  for  common  schools,  and  the  land  grants  for 
colleges  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  under  the 
Morrill  act  of  1862,  as  well  as  the  location  and  final 
disposition  of  these  lands,  suggest  important  studies 
to  be  made  in  public  land  history.  The  history  of 
the  forest  lands  (including  forest  reserves  and  na- 
tional parks),  and  of  the  mineral  and  the  saline  lands 
also  is  waiting  to  be  written.  Finally,  the  disposi- 
tion of  lands  under  the  timber  culture  act,  the  desert 
land  act,  the  timber  and  stone  act,  the  Carc}^  act,  the 
reclamation  act,  and  the  Kinkaid  act,  may  be  men- 
tioned as  profitable  subjects  for  investigation. 

Fifty  years  ago  there  was  little  or  no  occasion  for 
careful  consideration  of  the  land  question.  Land  was 
to  be  had  for  nothing,  and  there  was  plenty  of  it. 
Congress  was  not  much  concerned  as  to  how  rapidly 
or  how  unwisely  the  vast  national  heritage  was  spent. 
The    speculative    spirit    seems    to    have    become    in- 

1.3 


grained  as  one  of  the  chief  American  characteristics; 
it  has  contributed  to  an  inflation  of  land  values,  and 
to  the  present  high  rate  of  tenancy.  The  land  ques- 
tion has  therefore  entered  upon  a  new  and  complex 
phase.  In  undertaking  an  equitable  solution  of  this 
problem,  the  history  of  the  land  under  both  public 
and  private  ownership  should  be  investigated.  In 
essaying  this  task,  it  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  the 
disappearance  of  the  public  lands  is  closely  linked 
with  the  rapid  increase  in  population,  the  change 
from  extensive  to  intensive  farming,  and  the  in- 
creased cost  of  living. 

2.  The  history  of  specific  leading  industries  also 
remains  to  he  written.  As  examples  of  what  may  be 
done  in  this  direction  we  may  indicate  Hammond's 
"  Cotton  Industry  "  and  Thompson's  "  Rise  and  De- 
cline of  the  Wheat  Growing  Industry  in  Wisconsin." 
Similar  studies  should  be  undertaken  for  cereal  and 
live  stock  production,  the  latter  including  dairy- 
ing and  meat  packing.  The  tobacco,  poultry,  and 
beet  sugar  industries  should  also  be  mentioned  as 
profitable  fields  for  research.  The  history  of  the 
range  should  be  a  particularly  interesting  subject  for 
investigation.  Such  a  study  should  give  special  at- 
tention to  influences  affecting  the  rise  and  growth  of 
the  industry,  such  as  soil  and  climate,  early  trade  and 
commerce,  labor,  tenancy,  the  use  of  improved  ma- 
chinery, markets,  prices,  transportation,  and  the 
tariff;  and  the  relation  of  the  industry  to  such  indus- 
tries as  transportation,  manufactures,  mining,  and 
lumbering  should  be  considered.  The  westward 
movement  of  the  center  of  production  should  be 
studied  in  its  relation  to  the  westward  movement  of 
population  and  the  accessibility  of  markets.  The  in- 
fluence of  agricultural  prices  on  production,  and  the 
influence  of  grain  markets  on  national  politics  and 
finance  should  receive  careful  study.  Mr.  Turner 
has  called  attention  to  the  importance  of  the  study  of 
the  wheat  industry,  in  the  following  terms : 

"  If,  for  example,  we  study  the  maps  showing  the 
14 


transition  of  the  wheat  belt  from  the  East  to  the 
West,  as  the  virgin  soils  were  conquered  and  made 
new  bases  for  destructive  competition  with  the  older 
wheat  states,  we  shall  see  how  deeply  they  affected 
not  only  land  values,  railroad  building,  the  movement 
of  population  and  the  supply  of  clieap  food,  but  also 
liow  the  regions  once  devoted  to  single  cropping  of 
wheat  Vv'erc  forced  to  turn  to  varied  and  intensive 
agriculture  and  to  diversified  industry,  and  we  shall 
see  also  how  these  transformations  affected  party 
politics  and  even  the  ideals  of  the  Americans  of  the 
regions  thus  changed."  ^ 

3.  The  economic  history  of  agriculture  in  particu- 
lar states  or  in  given  regions  should  also  be  written. 
Such  studies  should  include  the  consideration  of  agri- 
cultural geography,  Indian  agricultiire.  early  trade 
and  travel,  relations  of  the  white  race  to  the  Indian, 
pioneer  population  and  agriculture,  nearness  to  the 
markets,  transportation  of  agricultural  products,  de- 
velopment of  specialized  and  diversified  farming, 
systems  of  land  tenure,  agricultural  labor,  use  of  im- 
proved farm  machinery,  size  of  farms,  price  of  lands, 
and  rentals,  and  laws  governing  inheritance  of  real 
estate  in  lands.  These  studies  would  naturally  in- 
clude also  the  consideration  of  the  sources  of  immi- 
gration, the  type  of  farmers,  the  methods  of  agricul- 
ture, and  the  social  phases  of  life,  including  religion, 
education,  amusements,  and  entertainments.  Atten- 
tion should  be  given  to  currency  and  banking  facili- 
ties, rural  credit,  rates  of  interest,  and  the  relation  of 
the  farming  population  to  national  monetary  legisla- 
tion and  to  the  tariff.  The  subject  of  agricultural 
education  should  receive  extended  treatment ;  a  study 
of  state  agricultural  societies  and  fairs,  the  agricul- 
tural press,  and  the  agricultural  colleges  and  experi- 
ment stations,  including  rural  extension  departments 
and  recently  introduced  courses  in  agriculture  in  the 

2  F.  J.  Turner,  "  Social  Forces  in  American  History,"  in 
The  American  Historical  Review,  Vol.  XVI,  1911,  pp.  220, 
230. 

15 


high  schools.  Finally,  the  economic  history  of  agri- 
culture of  any  state  should  present  an  historical  and 
comparative  analysis  of  the  problems  confronting  the 
farming  class.  INIr.  E.  V.  Robinson's  "  Economic 
History  of  Agriculture  in  Minnesota,"  just  pub- 
lished, suggests  the  possibilities  and  the  value  of  this 
type  of  study.  Similar  studies  might  indeed  profit- 
ably be  made  of  larger  areas,  as,  for  example,  a  given 
region  like  the  middle  west. 

i.  The  history  of  the  farmers'  organizations  should 
be  given  considerable  attention  in  view  of  the  recent 
active  interest  xvhich  is  being  awakened  in  the  vari- 
ous forms  of  farmers'  cooperative  unions  <  id  enter- 
prises. Studies  of  this  kind  may  be  dividi  '  into  two 
groups:  First,  those  dealing  with  organiza.  is  Avhich 
seek  to  combine  the  farmers  as  a  class,  as  illustrated 
by  the  grange ;  and,  secondly,  those  treating  of  or- 
ganizations which  serve  some  special  end  or  indus- 
try, as,  for  example,  the  cooperative  creameries,  and 
farmers'  elevators.  For  such  a  study  it  would  be 
necessary  to  investigate  the  origin,  purpose,  growth, 
difficulties,  successes,  and  failures  of  the  various  or- 
ganizations. European  ideals  and  methods  intro- 
duced by  the  immigrant  farmer  should  be  studied. 
The  influence  of  the  organization  on  state  and  na- 
tional politics  and  legislation  should  be  given  due 
weight.  The  recent  appearance  of  Mr.  S.  J.  Buck's 
monograph  on  "  The  Granger  Movement  "  marks  a 
distinctive  contribution  to  the  history  of  farmers' 
organizations.  Studies  of  this  kind  will  contribute 
very  materially  to  a  proper  understanding  of  the 
farmers'  cooperative  movement  in  this  country,  and 
will  point  the  way  to  more  successful  and  fruitful 
efforts  along  that  line  in  the  future. 

5.  Other  problems  awaiting  the  labors  of  the  his- 
torian are  readily  suggested.  INIention  may  be  made 
of  the  history  of  farm  machinery,  foreign  immigration 
and  its  influence  on  the  development  of  agriculture, 
agricultural  labor,  transportation  of  agricultural 
products,  markets  and  prices,  the  relation  of  agricul- 

16 


ture  to  financial  legislation,  taxation  and  the  tariff, 
and  agricultural  education.  The  relation  of  agricul- 
ture to  other  industries,  the  relation  of  the  state  to 
agriculture,  and  the  work  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  may  also  be  suggested. 

The  Economic  History  of  American  Agriculture 

A  Constituent  Part  of  the   History  of 

Our  Nation. 

After  all  is  said,  however,  the  fundamental  reason 
why  the  economic  history  of  American  agriculture 
should  be  studied  is  that  we  may  ultimately  have  a 
well-balii  <ced  history  of  our  nation.  For  it  must  be 
remembe  d,  as  I  have  already  tried  to  show,  that  our 
ugrariar  .Astory  is  to  be  viewed  not  in  the  strict  or 
narrow  ^ense,  but  in  the  broad  sense  so  as  to  include 
the  whole  life  of  the  rural  population,  the  influences 
which  have  affected  its  progress,  and  the  influence  its 
progress  has  in  turn  had  on  the  course  of  events. 
Tiius  defined,  the  economic  history  of  American  agri- 
culture is  a  constituent  part  of  the  history  of  the  en- 
tire people,  closely  interwoven  with  other  phases  of 
our  national  progress;  and  to  define  it  is  to  emphasize 
a  new  point  of  view  in  the  study  of  American  develop- 
ment. "  The  marking  out  of  such  a  field  is  only  a 
fresh  example  of  the  division  of  scientific  labor;  it  is 
the  provisional  isolation,  for  the  better  investigation 
of  them,  of  a  particular  group  of  facts  and  forces," 
in  order  that  a  true  history  of  our  national  progress 
and  development  may  finally  be  written. 

Louis  Bernard  Schmidt. 

The  Iowa  State  College  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts, 
Ames. 


17 


A  LIST   OF   TOPICS   ON   THE    ECONOMIC 
HISTORY    OF    AMERICAN    AGRI- 
CULTURE. 

Introduction. 

I.   The  Study  of  Economic  History. 
II    The     Economic     History     of     American 
Agriculture. 

Part  I. 

THE   BEGINNINGS   OF  AMERICAN  AGRICULTURE. 

1607-1783. 

III.   Geographic   Influences  in  American  His- 
tory. 
IV.   Indian  Agriculture  in  America. 

V.  Land  Systems  of  the  American  Colonies. 
VI.  Agriculture  in  the  American  Colonies. 
VII.   Trade    and    Commerce    of   the    American 
Colonies. 

Part  II. 

THE    WESTWARD    MOVEMENT    OF    PIONEER   AND    PLANTER 
INTO    THE    MISSISSIPPI    VALLEY. 

1783-1860. 

A.  The  Revolution  to  the  War  of  1812. 
VIII.  The  Public  Lands. 

IX.  Agriculture  in  the  Early  National  Period. 

X.  Beginnings  of  Internal  Trade. 
XL   Foreign  Commerce  and  Shipping. 

B.  The  War  of  1812  to  the  Civil  War. 
XII.  The  Settlement  of  the  New  West. 

XIII.   The  Public  Lands. 
XIV.  Agriculture     in     the     Northern     States: 

Pioneer  Farming. 
XV.  Agriculture     in     the     Southern     States: 

Economics  of  Slavery. 
XVI.   Internal   Trade  and  Transportation. 
18 


XVII.  Agriculture  in  Relation  to  Currency  and 
Banking. 
XVIII.   Foreign  Commerce  and  Shipping. 
XIX.  Agriculture  in  Relation  to  the  Tariff. 
XX.   Pioneer  Life  and  Ideals. 

Part  III. 

THE   AGRARIAN   REVOLUTION   AND   THE   OPENING  OF  THE 
FAR   WEST. 
1860-1900. 

XXI.  General  Features  of  the  Agrarian  Revo- 
lution. 
XXII.   The  Public  Lands. 

XXIII.  Agriculture  in  the  North  Atlantic  States. 

XXIV.  Agriculture  in  the  South  Atlantic  States. 
XXV.  Agriculture  in  the  North  Central  States. 

XXVI.  Agriculture  in  the  South  Central  States. 
XXVII.   The  Range  and  Ranch  Cattle  Industry. 
XXVIII.  Agriculture  in  the  Western  States. 

XXIX.  Grov/th  of  Internal  Trade  and  Domestic 

Markets. 
XXX.   Expansion  of    Agricultural    Exports    and 

Foreign  Markets. 
XXXI.  Rise  and  Growth  of  Farmers'  Organiza- 
tions. 
XXXII.  The  Farmer  as  a  Factor  in  Politics  and 
Legislation. 

XXXIII.  The    Relation   of   the    State   to   Agricul- 

ture. 

Part  IV. 

THE      REORGANIZATION      OF      THE      AGRICCLTURAL 
INDUSTRY. 

1900-1920. 

XXXIV.  The  Public  Lands. 
XXXV.  The  New  Agriculture. 

XXXVI.   Recent  Developments  in  Internal  Trade. 
XXXVII.   Recent   Changes   in   Foreign   Commerce. 
XXXVIII.  x\griculture  in  Reconstruction. 

m 


INTRODUCTION. 
I. 

THE     STUDY    OF    ECONOMIC    HISTORY. 

1.  Ashley,  W.  J. — Surveys:  Historic  and  Economic 

(1900),  pp.  1-30. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States,  in  McLaughlin  and  Hart's  Cyclopedia 
of  American  Government  (1914),  Vol.  I,  pp. 
620-625. 

3.  Callender,  G.  S. — The  Position  of  American  Eco- 

nomic History,  in  The  American  Historical 
Review,  Vol.  XIX,  No.  1,  October,  1913,  pp. 
80-87. 

4.  Cunningham,  W. — The  Growth  of  English  Indus- 

try and  Commerce  During  the  Early  and 
Middle  Ages.    Fifth  edition  (1910),  pp.  6-27. 

5.  Day,    Clive. — Commercial    and    Industrial     His- 

tory in  Secondary  Schools,  in  The  History 
Teacher's  Magazine,  Vol.  V,  January,  1911, 
pp.  11-16. 

6.  Farnum,  H.  W. — The    Economic    Utilization    of 

History  (1913). 

7.  Robinson,  J.  H. — The  Next'  History  (1912). 

8.  Seligman,  E.  R. — The    Economic    Interpretation 

of  History  (1902). 

9.  Turner,   F.   J. — Social  Forces  in  American  His- 

tory, in  The  American  Historical  Review,  Vol. 
XVI,  No.  2,  January,  1911,  pp.  217-233. 
10.  Wright,  C.  D. — An  Economic  History  of  the 
United  States,  in  Publications  of  the  Ameri- 
can Economic  Association.  Third  series.  Vol. 
VI   (1905),  pp.  390-429. 

II. 

THE    ECONOMIC    HISTORY    OF    AMERICAN    AGRICULTURE 
AS  A   FIELD   FOR  STUDY. 

I.   Bolles,  A.   S. — Industrial   History  of  the   United 
States,  1878.      Book  I,  pp.   1-181   on  Agricul- 
ture and  Horticulture.     An    hif^torical    survey 
21 


BIO-AGRICULTURAL  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
RIVERSIDE,  CALIFORNIA  925( 


of  American  agriculture  from  the  beginning  of 
the  Colonial  period  to  1876  in  fifteen  chapters. 

2.  Brewer,  W.  N. — History    of   American   Agricul- 

ture, in  Tenth  Census  of  the  United  States, 
Vol.  Ill,  Report  on  Cereal  Production,  pp. 
131-141. 

3.  Browne,  D.  J. — Progress  of  Agriculture,  in  An- 

nual Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 
Agriculture  (1857),  pp.  1-50. 

4.  Bullock,  E.  J. — Selected  Readings  in  Economics 

(1907),  Chapter  IV,  American  Agriculture. 

5.  Carver,    T.    N. — Historical    Sketch    of    Modern 

Agriculture,    in    the    author's     Principles     of 
Rural   Economics    (1911),   Chapter  II. 
Historical  Sketch  of    American    Agriculture,  in 
Bailey's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture, 
Vol.  IV  (1909),  pp.  39-71. 

6.  Encyclopedia  Britannica,   Eleventh   edition.  Vol. 

I,  pp.  388-416.  The  history  of  agriculture  in 
ancient,  medieval,  and  modern  times,  with 
special  emphasis  on  English  and  American 
agriculture. 

7.  Flint,    C.    L. — Agriculture  in  the   United  States 

(1607-1860),  in  Eighty  Years'  Progress, 
1861,  Vol.  I,  pp.  19-102." 

8.  Holmes,  G.   K. — Progress  of  Agriculture  in   the 

United  States,  in  Year  Book  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture   (1899),  pp.  307-334. 

9.  Poore,    B.    P. — History    of    Agriculture    in    the 

United  States,  in  Annual  Report  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  (1866),  pp.  498-527. 

10.  Sanford,  A.  H. — The  Story  of  Agricidture  in  the 

United  States  (1916). 

11.  Schmidt,  L.  B. — The  Economic  History  of  Amer- 

ican Agricidture  as  a  Field  for  Study,  in  The 
Mississippi  J'alley  Historical  Review,  Vol. 
Ill,  No.  1  (1916),  pp.  39-49.  Reprinted  in 
The  Historical  Outlook,  Vol.  X,  No.  1,  Janu- 
ary, 1919,  pp.  8-12. 
22 


12.  Smith,  J.   R. — Industrial  and  Commercial  Geog- 

raphy, Chapter  II. 

13.  Trimble,  W.  J. — The    Agrarian    History    of    the 

United  States  as  a  Subject  for  Research,  in 
Proceedings  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  His- 
torical Association,  Vol.  VIII  (1916),  pp.  81- 
90. 

14.  Turner,  F.  J. — The  Significance  of  the  Frontier 

in  American  History,  in  Annual  Report  of  the 
American  Historical  Association  (1893),  pp. 
199-227.  Reprinted  in  Bullock's  Selected 
Readings  in  Economics,  pp.  23-59. 

The  Frontier  in  American  Development,  in 
McLaughlin  and  Hart's  CycloiDcdia  of  Ameri- 
can Government  (1914),  Vol.  II,  pp.  61-64. 

The  Problem  of  the  West,  in  The  Atlantic 
Monthly,  Vol.  78,  pp.  289-297. 

15.  Walker,   F.   A. — The   General   Characteristics   of 

American  Agriculture,  Tenth  Census,  Vol.  Ill, 
pp.  xxxi-xxxiii. 


23 


Part  I. 

THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  AMERICAN 
AGRICULTURE. 

1607-1783. 


in. 

GEOGRAPHIC    INFLUENCES    IN    AMERICAN    HISTORY. 

1.  Blodgett^    J.    H. — Relation    of    Population    and 

Food  Products  in  the  United  States,  1850- 
1900,  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, Division  of  Statistics,  Bulletin  No.  21-. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States  (Revised  Edition  of  1912),  Chapter  I. 

3.  Bowman,  I. — Forest  Physiography. 

4.  Brigliam,  A.  P. — Geographic  Infltiences  in  Amer- 

can  History   (1903). 
Physiography  of  North  America,  in  McLaughlin 
and   Hart's   Cyclopedia   of  American   Govern- 
ment  (1914-),VoL  II,  pp.  687-690. 

5.  Davenport,  'Ej.-^Influence  of  Conditions  on  Agri- 

cultural Practice,  in  Bailey's  Cyclopedia  of 
American  Agriculture,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  90-97. 

6.  Farrand,  L. — Basis  of  American  History,  in  The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  II,  1904,  pp.  1-70. 

7.  Jefferson,  ]\I. — The  Anthropogeography  of  North 

America,  in  Bulletin  of  the  American  Geo- 
graphic Society,  Vol.  XLV,  p.  161. 

8.  Johnson,  Emory. — History  of  Domestic  and  For- 

eign Commerce  of  the  United  States  (1915). 
Vol.  I,  Chapter  I. 

9.  Marshall.  L.  C. ;  Wright,  W.  W.,  and  Field,  J.  A. 

— Materials     for     the     Study     of     Economics 

(1913),  pp.  58-104. 
ID.  Mill,  H.   R. — International    Geography     (1899). 

pp.  664-678,  715-750. 
11.   Powell,    J.    W. — Physiographic    Regions    of    the 

United  States  (1896).      Printed  in  Physiogra- 
25 


phy  of  the  United  States.  A  series  of  mono- 
graphs edited  by  Powell  and  others,  pp.  65- 
100.     The  map  is  essential, 

12.  Semple,  E.   C. — American  History  and  Its  Geo- 

graphic Conditions  (1903). 
InfiUence  of  Geographic  Environment   (1911). 

13.  Shaler,  N.   S. — The  Effect  of  the  Physiography 

of  North  America  Upon  Men  of  European 
Origin,  in  Winsor's  Narrative  and  Critical 
History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  IV,  Intro- 
duction, pp.  x-xxx.  Reprinted  in  Bullock's 
Selected  Readings  in  Economics  (1907), 
Chapter  I. 
The   United  States   of    America,   J'ol.  I    (1894), 

Chapters  I,  II,  III,  VII,  VIII,    IX. 
Nature  and  Man  in  America  (1891). 
11.   Shimck,  B. — The  Pioneer  and  the  Forest,  in  Pro- 
ceedings of    the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 
Association,  Vol.  Ill  (1909-1910)," pp.  96-105. 

15.  Turner,  F.  J. — 7*  Sectionalism  in  America  Dying 

Away?  in  The  American  Journal  of  Sociology, 
Vol.  XIII,  March,  1908,  pp.  661-675,  811- 
819. 
Sectionalism  in  the  United.  States,  in  ^IcLaugh- 
lin  and  Hart's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Gov- 
ernment  (1911),  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  280-285. 

16.  Van   Hise,   C.   R. — Conservation  of  Natural  Re- 

sources of  the  United  States  (1910),  pp.  208- 
211,  268-277. 

17.  The    Geographical    Review.     A    valuable    source 

of  information. 

18.  Thirteenth  Census  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  V,^ 

Appendix  A,  pp.  893-900. 

IV. 

INDIAN    AGRICULTURE    IN    AMERICA. 

1.  Bruce,  P.  A. — Economic  History  of  Virginia  in 
the  Seventeenth  Century,  Vol.  I  (1895),  Chap- 
ter III. 

26 


2.  Catlin,  G. — Letters  and  Notes  on   the  Manners, 

Customs,  and  Conditions  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  (1814). 

3.  Cook,  O.   F. — llie  American  Origin  of  Agricul- 

ture, in  Popular  Science  Monthly,  Vol.  61, 
October,  1902,  pp.  492-505. 

4.  Farrand,  L. — Basis  of  American  History,  in  The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  II,  1904),  pp.  70-262. 
Especially  Chapters  VI  and  X  to  XVII,  in- 
clusive. Chapter  XVIII  gives  a  good 
bibliography. 

5.  Fiske,  John. — Discovery  of  America,  Chapter  I. 

6.  Frederici,  G.—Indianer  und  Anglo-Amerikaner. 

7.  Holmes,     G.     K. — Aboriginal    Agriculture:     The 

North  American  Indians,  in  Bailey's  Cyclo- 
pedia of  American  Agriculture,  Vol.  IV 
(1909),  pp.  24-39. 

8.  Palmer,    Edw. — Food    Products    of     the     North 

American  Indians,  in  Annual  Report  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  1870,  pp.  404- 
428. 

9.  Powell,   J.  W.- — The    North    American    Indians, 

Shaler's  The  United  States  of  America,  Vol. 
I,  Chapter  IV. 

10.  Prescott,  Philander. — Farming  Among  the  Sioux 

Indians,  United  States  Patent  Office  Report. 
1849,  pp.  451-455. 

11.  Schoolcraft,    H.     R. — Historical    and    Statistical 

Information  Respecting  the  History,  Condi- 
tion and  Prospects  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the 
United  States   (1851). 

12.  Smith,   Capt.   John. — Descriptinyi   of   Firginia,  in 

Narratives  of  Earh'  Virginia  (Original  narra- 
tives of  Early  American  History,  edited  by 
J.  F.  Jameson),  pp.  90-97. 

13.  Roosevelt,  Theodore.- — Winning  of  the  West,  Vol. 

I,  Chapters  III,  IV. 

14.  Will,   G.   F.;    Hyde,  G.   E.— Corw    Among    the 

Indians  of  the  Upper  Missouri  (1917). 

15.  Willoughb}'',  C.  C. — The  J'irginia  Indians  in  the 

27 


Seventeenth     Century.     American    Anthopolo- 
gist,  Vol.  XI,  No.  13. 
Gardens  of  the  Xew  England  Indians.     Ameri- 
can Anthopologist,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  I. 

16.  Tivelfth  Census  of  the  United  States,  1900,  Vol. 

V,  pp.  Tiy-TiO.  A  review  of  agriculture  on 
Indian  reservations. 

17.  Handbook   of     the   North   American   Indians,   in 

Bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  No.  30. 

V. 

LAND    SYSTEMS    OF    THE    AMERICAN    COLONIES. 

1607-1783. 

1.  Ballagh,  J.  C. — Introduction    to    Southern    Eco- 

nomic History:  The  Land  System,  in  Annual 
Report  of  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion, 1897,  pp.  101-129. 

2.  Bogart.  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the   United 

States   (Revised  edition  of  1912),  pp.  48-50. 

3.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C,  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States 
(1916),  pp.  22-27. 

4.  Bond,   B.   W. — The     Quit-Rent    System     in    the 

American  Colonies,  in  The  American  Histori- 
cal Reviezv,  Vol.  XVII,  April,  1912,  pp.  496- 
516. 
The  Quit-Rent  System  in  the  American  Colonies, 
in  Yale  Historical  Publications.  Miscellany, 
Vol.  VI,  1919. 

5.  Bruce,   P.  A. — Economic  History  of  Virginia  in 

the  Seventeenth  Centuri/.  Vol.  I,  1895,  Chap- 
ter VIII. 

6.  Carver,   T.   N. — Principles  of  Rural   Economics, 

pp.  64-70. 
Historical   Sketch    of    American  Agriculture,  in 
Bailey's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture. 
Vol.  iV,  pp.  41,  42. 

7.  Coman,    Katherine.— Industrial    History    of    the 

United  States  (Revised  edition  of  1910),  pp. 
32-38. 

28 


8.  Donaldson,     T. — Public     Domain     (Washington, 

1884),  pp.  465-476. 

9.  Eggleston,   E. — The  Land  Systems   of  the  New 

England  Colonies,  in  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity Studies,  Fourth  Series,  1886,  pp.  449- 
600. 

10.  Eggleston,  E. — Transit    of    Civilization    (1900), 

Chapter  VI. 

11.  Ford,   Amelia   C. — Colonial    Precedents    of    Our 

National  Land  System,  as  it  Existed  in  1800, 
in  Bulletin  of  University  of  Wisconsin,  1908. 

12.  Gould,    C.    P. — The   Land   System   in   Maryland, 

1720-1765,  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University 
Studies,  Series  XXXI,  No.  1,  1913,  pp.  9-106. 

13.  Osgood,  H.  L. — The    American    Colonies    in    the 

Seventeenth  Century.  Vol.  I,  Part  II,  Chap- 
ter II. 

14.  Shepherd,  W.  R. — The  Land  System  of  Provin- 

cial Pennsylvania,  in  x\nnual  Report  of  the 
American  Historical  Association,  1895,  pp. 
117-125. 

15.  Treat,  Payson  J. — National  Land  System,  1785- 

1820  (1910),  pp.  23-26. 

16.  Weeden,  W.  B. — Economic  and  Social  History  of 

New  England,  Vol.  I,  1890,  pp.  47-68. 

VI. 

AGRICULTURE    IN    THE    AMERICAN    COLONIES. 

1607-1783. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States  (Revised  edition  of  1912),  pp.  36- 
48,  65-75. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
1916,  pp.  28-41.  82-96,  106-114. 

3.  Brewer,   W.    N. — History   of  American  Agricul- 

ture, in  Tenth  Census  of  the  United  States, 
Vol.  Ill,  Report  on  Cereal  Production,  pp. 
133-137. 

29 


4.  Bolles,  A.  S. — Industrial  Historij  of    the  United 

States,  1878.  pp.  1-45. 

5.  Bruce,   P.  A. — Economic  History  of  Virginia  in 

the  Seventeenth  Century,  1895,  Vol.  I,  Chap- 
ters IV,  V.  VI,  VII.  VIII;  Vol.  II,  Chapters 
X,  XI,  XII,  XIII,  XIV  and  XXI. 

6.  Callender,  G.   S.- — Selections  from   the  Economic 

History  of  the  United  States,  1909,  pp.  6-28, 
44-51, '69-77. 

7.  Carter.   Landon. — Landon    Carter's    Crop    Book, 

in  William  and  Mary's  Quarterly,  Vol.  XX, 
pp.  280-285;  Vol.  XXI,  pp.  11-21. 

8.  Carver,  T.  N. — Historical    Sketch    of    American 

Ar/rictdture,  in  Bailey's  Cyclopedia  of  Ameri- 
can Agriculture,  Vol.  IV  (1909),  pp.  39-50. 

9.  Channing.   E. — History    of    the     United    States, 

Vol.  I  (1905),  Chapter  XIX;  Vol.  II  (1908), 
Chapter  XIII. 

10.  Coman,  K. — Industrial    History    of    the     United 

States  (Revised  edition  of  1910),  pp.  41- 
46.  48-63. 

11.  Eggleston,   E. — Husbandry   in   Colony   Times,  in 

The  Century  Magazine,  New  Series,  Vol.  V, 
January,  1884,  pp.  431-449. 

12.  Flint,   C.   L. — Agriculttire   in   the    United  States, 

1607-1860,  in  Eighty  Years'  Progress  (1861), 
Vol.  I,  pp.  19-102.  Also  in  Annual  Report  of 
the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  1872,  pp. 
274-304. 

13.  Greene,    E.     B. — Provincial    America,     in      The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  VI  (1905),  Chapter 
XVI. 

14.  Holmes,  G.  K. — Progress    of   Agricultiire    in    the 

United  States,  in  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  Yearbook,  1899,  pp.  308-312. 

15.  Jacobstein,  M. — The    Tobacco    Industry    in    the 

United  States,  in  Columbia  University  Studies, 
Vol.  XXVI,  No.  3,  1907,  pp.  273-293. 

16.  O'Callaghan,  E.  B. — Documents  Relating  to  the 

Colonial  History  of  the  State  of  New   York, 
30 


1607-1778.  (10  volumes.)  See  Index  Vol- 
ume under  Agriculture,  Wheat,  Corn,  Cattle, 
etc. 

17.  Sanford,   A.    H. — Story    of    Agriculture     in    the 

United  States,  1915,  Chapters  II,  III,  IV,  V, 
VI,  VII. 

18.  Weedon,  W.  B. — Economic  and  Social  History  of 

New  England,  1890.  See  Index  under  Agri- 
culture. 

19.  Wright,  C.  W. — Wool-Growing  and  the  Tariff,  in 

Harvard  Economic  Studies,  Vol.  V,  1910, 
Chapter  I. 

20.  Anonymous. — American     Husbandry.      (2     vols., 

London,  1775.) 

VII. 

TRADE   AND    COMMERCE    OF    THE    AMERICAN    COLONIES. 

1607-1783. 

1.  Andrews,  C.  M. — Colonial    Self -Government,    in 

The  American  Nation,  Vol.  V  (1904),  Chap- 
ter XIX. 

2.  Ashley,  W.  J. — Cominercial  Legislation  of  Eng- 

land, in  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics, 
Vol.  XIV,  pp.  1-29.  Also:  Surveys:  Historic 
and  Economic,  1900,  pp.  309-335. 

3.  Beer,     G.     L.- — Commercial   Policy    of    England 

toward  the  American  Colonies,  in  Columbia 
University  Studies,  Vol.  Ill,  1893,  No.  2. 

4.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States  (Revised  edition  of  1912),  Chapters 
VI,  VII. 

5.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  69-81,  96-106,  and  Chapters  IV,  V. 

6.  Bruce,   P.  A. — Economic  History  of  rirginia  in 

the  Seventeenth  Century,  1895,  Vol.  II,  Chap- 
ter XIX. 

7.  Callender,  G.   S. — Selections  from  the  Economic 

31 


History   of   the    United   States,   pp.    6-28,    51- 
68,  and  Chapters  III,  IV. 

8.  Channing,  E. — History  of  the  United  States,  Vol. 

II  (1908),  Chapter  XVII;  Vol.  Ill  (1912), 
Chapter  XIII. 

9.  Coman,    Katharine. — Industrial    History    of    the 

United  States  (Revised  edition  of  1910),  pp. 
73-88. 

10.  Cunningham,    W. — The    Growth    of   English    In- 

dustry and  Commerce.  Third  edition.  Vol.  II, 
1903,  pp.  331-360,  471-483,  583-588. 

11.  Dav,  Clive. — History  of  Commerce.      (New  edi- 

tion, 1914.)      Chapters  XVIII,  XXIII. 

12.  DuBois,   W.    E.    B. — The     Suppression     of     the 

African  Slave  Trade,  in  Harvard  Historical 
Studies,  Vol.  I,  1896,  Chapters  I  to  V,  inclu- 
sive. 

13.  Elliott,  O.  L.—The    Tariff    Controversy    in    the 

United  States.  Leland  Stanford  Junior  Uni- 
versity Monographs  in  History  and  Economics, 
No.  1,  1892,  Chapter  I. 

14.  Greene,    E.    B. — Provincial     America,    in      The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  VI,  1905,  Chapter 
XVII. 

15.  Hill,   ^ViUiam.— Colonial    Tariffs,   in    The    Quar- 

terly Journal  of  Economics,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  78- 
100. 
IQ.  Johnson,  E.   R. — History  of  Domestic  and  For- 
eign Commerce    of    the    United    States,  1915, 
Vol.  I,  Chapters  I,  II,  III,  IV,  V,  VI,  X,  XI. 

17.  Osgood,  H.  L. — American  Colonies  in  the  Seven- 

teenth Century,  Vol.  Ill,  Chapter  VII. 

18.  Schmoller,  Gustav. — The  Mercantile  System. 

19.  Weeden,  W.  B. — Economic  and  Social  History  of 

New  England,  1890,  Vol.  II,  Chapters  XII, 
XIV,  XV,  XVI,  XIX,  XX. 


.32 


Part  II. 

THE  WESTWARD  MOVEMENT  of  PIONEER  and 
PLANTER  INTO  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY. 

1783-1860. 


VIII. 

THE    PUBLIC    LANDS. 

1783-1820. 

1.  Adams,  H.  B. — Maryland's  Influence  Upon  Land 

Cessions  to  the  United  States,  in  Johns  Hop- 
kins   University  Studies,   Third   Series,   1885, 
pp.  7-54. 
Washington's  Interest  in   Western  Lands,   Ibid., 
pp.  55-77. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  237-239. 

3.  Callender,  G.  S. — Selections   from   the   Economic 

History  of  the  United  States,  pp.  666-672. 
1.   Colgrove,    K.    W. — The    Attitude     of     Congress 
tozoard  the  Pioneers  of  the  West,  in  The  Iowa 
Journal  of    History  and  Politics,  Vol.   VIII, 
No.  1   (1910),  pp.  3-129. 

5.  Donaldson,  T.—The  Public  Domain  (1884).   See 

Table  of  Contents. 

6.  Ford,    Amelia    C. — Colonial    Precedents    of    Our 

National  Land  System  as  it  Existed  in  1800. 
Bulletin  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  1908. 

7.  Hart,  A.   B. — -The    Disposition    of    Our    Public 

Lands,  in  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Eco- 
nomics, Vol.  I,  January,  1887,  pp.  169-183. 
Printed  also  in  Carver's  Selected  Readings  in 
Rural  Economics,  pp.  254-266. 

8.  Hibbard,  B.  U.—The    Settlement   of   the   Public 

Lands  in  the  United  States,  in  International 
Review  of  Agricultural  Economics,  Vol.  61, 
January,    1916,    pp.     19-117.      (A    review    of 

33 


federal  land  disposal  rather  than  an  account 
of  the  settlement  of  the  public  lands.) 
9.   Hill,  R.  T. — The  Public  Domain  and  Democracy, 
in       Columbia        University       Studies,      Vol. 
XXXVIII   (1910),  No.   1,  Chapter  II. 

10.  McMaster,  J.  B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States,  Vol.  Ill,  Chapter  XVI. 

11.  Pelzer,    Louis. — The  Public  Domain  as  a  Field 

for  Historical  Study,  in  The  Iowa  Journal  of 
History  and  Politics,  Vol.  XII  (1914),  pp. 
568-578. 

12.  Sato,  Shosuke. — History  of  the  Land  Question  of 

the  United  States,  in  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity Studies,  Fourth  Series  (1886),  pp.  5-60; 
77-150. 

13.  Treat,  P.   J. —The  Public  Lands  and  the  Public 

Land  Policy,  in  McLaughlin  and  Hart's 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Government  (1914), 
Vol.  Ill,  pp.  93-97.  (See  also  bibliography 
appended  to  this  article.) 
The  National  Land  System,  1785-1820.  Espe- 
cially chapters  I,  II,  IV,  V  rnd  XIV.  For 
the  Land  Act  of  1785,  see  pp.  395-400. 

14.  Welling,  J.  C. — The  States  Rights  Conflict  Over 

the  Public  Lands.  Papers  of  American  His- 
torical Association,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  2,  1889,  pp. 
411-432. 

15.  American  State  Papers:    Public  Lands.      (Eight 

volumes).  1 785-1  o37.     Exceedingly  valuable. 

IX. 

AGRICULTURE    DURING   THE    EARLY   NATIONAL    PERIOD. 

1783-1815. 

1.  Adams,  Henry. — History  of    the    United  States, 

Vol.  I   (1889),  Chapters  I,  II  and  VI. 

2.  Bassett,  J.  S. — Federalist  System,  in  The  Amer- 

ican Nation,  Vol.   XI,  Chapter  XIII. 

3.  Bidwell,   P.   W. — Rural  Economy   in  Nexv  Eng- 

land at  the  Beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 


tury.  Transactions  of  the  Connecticut  Acad- 
em}'  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  Vol.  20,  April, 
1916,  pp.  319-353. 

4.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States  (Revised  edition  of  1912),  Chapter  X. 

5.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  L. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
1916,  pp.  219-237. 

6.  Brooks,    W.     E. — The    Agricidtural    Papers    of 

George  Washington,  1919. 

7.  Callender,  G.   S. — Selections  from  the  Economic 

History  of  the  United  States,  1909,  pp.  180- 
182. 

8.  Channing,  E. — History  of  the  United  States,  Vol. 

IV,  Chapter  I. 

9.  Coxe,    Tench. — Viezv    of    the    United    States    of 

America,  1787-1797.     See  Table  of  Contents. 

10.  Dwight,  T. — Travels  in  New  England  and  Nerc 

York,  1796-1815. 

11.  Flint,  C.  L. — Agricidture  in  the  United  States,  in 

Eighty  Years'  Progress  (1861),  Vol.  I,  pp. 
19-102.  Also  article  on  Cotton  Culture,  pp. 
102-124. 

12.  Hammond,  M.  B. — The  Cotton  Industry.    Publi- 

cations of  the  American  Economic  Association, 
New  Series,  Part  I,  1897,  Chapter  I. 

13.  Haworth,    P.    L. — George    Washington:    Farmer 

(1915). 

14.  McMaster,  J.  B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States,  Vol.  I,  Chapter  I;  Vol.  II, 
Chapter  XII. 

15.  Purcell,  R.  J. — Connecticut  in  Transition,  1775- 

1818  (1918),  Chapter  IV. 

16.  Sanford,  A.  H. — The  Story  of  Agriculture  in  the 

United  States,  Chapters  VII,  VIII,  IX,  X, 
XI. 

17.  Schouler,  J. — History  of  the  United  States,  Vol. 

I,  pp.  240-246. 

18.  Tayior,  R.  G. — The  Importance  of  the  Agricul- 

tural Revolution,  in     The    History    Teacher's 
35 


Magazine,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  10,  December,  1917, 
pp.  342-314. 

19.  Wilstach,    P.— George   Washington  as  a  Planter 

and  Country-Gentleman.  Country  Life  in 
America,  Vcl,  XXX,  June,   1916,  pp.  31-33. 

20.  Washington,    George. — Letters  from  His  Excel- 

lency, George  Washington,  to  Arthur  Young, 
Esq.,  F.R.S.,  and  Sir  John  Sinclair,  Bart, 
M.P.,  containing  an  account  of  his  opinion 
on  various  questions  in  Agriculture,  many  par- 
ticulars of  the  rural  economy  of  the  United 
States.  Published  by  Cotton  and  Stewart, 
Alexandria,  Va.,  1803. 

21.  Wright,  C.  W. — Wool-Growing    and    the    Tariff. 

Harvard  Economic  Studies,  Vol.  V,  1910, 
Chapter  II. 

22.  Anonymous. — American    Husbandry.        (London, 

1775.) 

23.  For  a   partial  list    of    references   on  agriculture 

published  in  the  United  States  before  1815, 
see: 
Bidwell,  P.  W. — Rural  Economy  in  New  Eng- 
land at  the  Beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury, in  Transactions  of  the  Connecticut  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Vol.  XX,  April, 
1916,  pp.  392,  393. 

X. 

EARLY   DEVELOPMENT   OF   INTERNAL   TRADE. 
1783-1815. 

1.  Bidwell,   P.   W.— Rural   Economy   in  New  Eng- 

land at  the  Beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury, in  Transactions  of  the  Connecticut 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Vol.  XX,  April, 
1916,  pp.  251-293,  306-318. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
1916,  pp.  210-251. 

3.  Coxe,   Tench.- — J'iezc    of    the     United    States    of 

36 


America,  1787-179^.  (Philadelphia,  printed 
in  London,  1794.)      See  Table  of  Contents. 

4.  Gallatin,  Albert. — Report  on  Roads  and  Canals. 

American  State  Papers,  Miscellaneous,  Vol.  I, 
p.  724. 

5.  Hammond,  M.  B. — The  Cotton  Industry,  in  Pub- 

lications of  the  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion, New  Series,  Part  I,  1897,  Chapter  VIII. 

6.  Hulbert,  A.  B. — Historic  Highways  of  America. 

(In  sixteen  volumes.     See  Index  volume.) 

7.  Johnson,   E.   R. — History  of  Domestic  and  For- 

eign Commerce  of  the  United  States.  Vol.  I, 
pp.  202-212. 

8.  McMaster,  J.  B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States.     Vol.  Ill,  Chapter  XXII. 

9.  Meyer,  B.  H. — History  of  Transportation  in  the 

United  States  before  1860.  Chapters  I,  II, 
III. 

10.  Ogg,  F.  A. — The  Opening  of  the  Mississippi. 

11.  Pelzer,  Louis. — Economic  Factors  in  the  Acquisi- 

tion of  Louisiana.  Proceedings  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Historical  Association,  Vol.  VI 
(1912-1913),  pp.    109-128. 

XI. 

FOREIGN    COMMERCE    AND    SHIPPING. 

1783-1815. 

1.  Adams,   Henry. — History   of    the    United  States. 

See  Index  to  Volume  IX. 

2.  Babcock,  K.  C. — Rise  of    American  Nationality. 

The  American  Nation,  Vol.  XIII,  Chapter  III. 

3.  Bidwell,  K.  C. — Rural  Economy  in  Neio  England 

at  the  Beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
in  Transactions  of  the  Connecticut  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  Vol.  XX,  April,  1916,  pp. 
294-305. 

4.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States.  (Revised  edition  of  1912.)  Chapters 
VIII,  IX. 

37 


5.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United 
States^  Chapter  VI. 

6.  Callender,  G.  S. — Selections  from  the  Economic 

History  of  the  United  States,  pp.  239-260. 

7.  Channing,    Edward. — History     of     the      United 

States,  Vol.  IV,  Chapters  II,  V,  XIV,  XIX, 
XX. 

8.  Channing,    Edward. — The    Jeffersonian    System, 

in  The  American  Nation,  Vol.  XII,  Chapters 
XIII,  XV,  XVI. 

9.  Day,  Clive. — History  of  Commerce,  Chapters  45, 

46,  47. 

10.  Johnson,  E.   R. — History  of  Domestic  and  For- 

eiqn  Commerce  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  II. 
Chapters  XXII,  XXIII. 

11.  McMaster,  J.  B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States.  Vol.  l\  Chapter  III;  Vol.  II. 
Chapter  VIII;  Vol.  Ill,  Chapters  XVIII. 
XIX. 

12.  Pitkins,  Timothy. — Statistical  View  of  the  Com- 

merce of  the  United  States.  Its  Connections 
with  Agriculture  and  Manufactures.  (New 
York,   1817,  Second  Edition.) 

XII. 

THE    SETTLEMENT   OF    THE    NEW    WEST. 
1815-1860. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States.  (Revised  Edition  of  1912.)  Chap- 
ter XIV. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States. 
Chapter  XI. 

3.  Callender,  G.   S. — Selections  from  the  Economic 

History  of  the  United  States.     Chapter  XII. 

4.  Clark,    D.    E. — The   Westward  Movement  in  the 

Upper  Mississippi   J  alley  Duritrg  the  Fifties. 
Proceedings  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Histori- 
38 


cal  Association,  Vol.  VII  (1913-1914),  pp. 
212-219. 

5.  Coman,  K. — Economic    Beginnings    of    the    Far 

West,  1912.  Especially  Vol.  II  on  American 
Settlers. 

6.  Dodd,    W.    E.—Tke    Fight    for    the    Northwest, 

1860,  in  The  American  Historical  Review, 
Vol.  XVI,  July,  1911,  pp.  774-788. 

7.  Faust,    A.    B. — The     German     Element     in     the 

United  States,  Vol.  I,  Chapters  XII,  XIII, 
XIV,  XV. 

8.  Flom,  G.  F. — The  Coming  of  the  Norwegians  to 

Iowa,  in   The  Iowa  Journal   of    History   and 

Politics^  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  347-383. 
The  Early  Swedish  Immigration  to  Iowa.     Ibid, 

Vol.  Ill,  pp.  583-615. 
The   Danish    Contingent   in     the     Population    of 

Early  Iowa.     Ibid,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  220-224. 
The   Growth   of  the  Scandinavian   Factor  in   the 

Population  of  lozca.      Ibid,  pp.  267-285. 

9.  Garrison,   G.    P. — Westward    Extension,   in    The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  XVII,  Chapters  I,  II. 

10.  Commons,  J.  R. — Documentary    History    of    the 

American  Industrial  Society,  Vol.  II.  See 
Table  of  Contents,  under  iSIigration,  Frontier 
Settlement,  Frontier  Society. 

11.  Harriott,  F. — Whence  Came  the  Pioneers  to  Iowa, 

in  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  VII, 
pp. -367-379,  446-465. 

12.  Hibbard,  B.  H. — History  of  Agriculture  in  Dane 

County,  Wisconsin.  Bulletin  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin,  1904,  Part  I,  Chapter  III. 

13.  McMaster,  J.   B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States,  Vol.  IV,  Chapter  33;  Vol.  VII, 
Chapter  75;  Vol.  VIII,  Chapter  95. 

14.  Pooley,     W.     Y .—The     Settlement     of     Illinois, 

1830-1850.  Bulletin  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin,  1908,  especially  chapters  III,  IV, 

XI,  XV. 

39 


15.  Rowland,    Dunbar. — The    Mississippi    Valley    in 

American  History,  in  Proceedings  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  Historical  Association,  Vol. 
IX,  Part  I  (1915-1916),  pp.  59-74. 

16.  Semple,  E.  C. — American  History  and  Its  Geo- 

graphic Conditions,  Chapter  IX. 

17.  Shambaugh,  B.  F. — The  History  of  the  West  and 

the  Pioneers,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  State 
Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  1910,  pp. 
133-145. 

18.  Turner,  F.  J. — The  Significance  of  the  Frontier 

in  American  History,  in  Annual  Report  of  the 
American  Historical  Association,  1893,  pp. 
199-227.  Reprinted  in  Bullock,  Selected 
Readings  in  Economics,  pp.  23-59. 

The  Frontier  in  American  Development,  in 
McLaughlin  and  Harts  Cyclopedia  of  Ameri- 
can  Government,   Vol.   II,  pp.   61-64. 

The  Problem  of  the  West,  in  The  Atlantic 
Monthly,  Vol.  78,  pp.  289-297. 

The  Significance  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  in 
American  History.  Proceedings  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  Historical  Association,  Vol. 
Ill,   1909-1910,  pp.   159-184. 

The  Colonization  of  the  West,  1820-1830,  in  The 
American  Historical  Revierc,  Vol.  XI,  No.  2, 
January,  1906,  pp.  303-327. 

The  Rise  of  the  New  West.  (The  American  Na- 
tion, Vol.  XIV),  Chapters  V,  VI,  VIII. 

19.  Van  der  Zee,  J. — The  Opening  of  the  Des  Moines 

J' alley   to  Settlement,  in  the  loxca  Journal  of 

History  and  Politics,  Vol  XIV,  pp.  479-558.' 
The  Hollanders  of  Iowa.       The  State  Historical 

Society  of  Iowa,  1912. 
The  Coming  of  the  Hollanders  to  Iowa,  in  The 

loxca  Journal   of    History   and  Politics,   Vol. 

IX,  pp.   528-574. 

20.  Statistical  Atlas  of  the  United  States  (1914),  pp. 

13-19  for  distribution  of  population  by  decen- 

40 


nial  periods  from  1790-1860.  See  also  plates 
Nos.  1  to  10. 
21.  Thirteenth  Census  of  the  United  States:  Ab- 
stract of  the  Census,  pp.  24-,  25  (1913).  This 
gives  the  population  and  rank  of  all  the  vari- 
ous states  from  1790-1910. 

XIII. 

THE    PUBLIC    LANDS. 

1820-1862. 

1.  Ballagh,  J.  C. — Introduction    to    Southern    Eco- 

nomic History :  The  Land  System,  in  Annual 
Report  of  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion, 1897,  pp.  101-129. 
Southern  Economic  History:  Tariff  and  Public 
Lands,  in  Annual  Report  of  the  American  His- 
torical Association,  1898,  pp.  223-263. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.^ — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States.    Revised  Edition  of  1912,  pp.  263-266. 

3.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  446-464. 

4.  Callender,  G.   S. — Selections  from  the  Economic 

History  of  the  United  States,  pp.  673-692. 

5.  Commons,  J.  R. — Horace  Greeley  and  the  Work- 

ing Class  Origins  of  the  Republican  Party. 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  Vol.  24,  pp.  468- 
488. 
Documentary  History  of  American  Industrial 
Society,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  29-36,  285-364;  Vol. 
VIII,  pp.  21-78. 

6.  Colgrove,    K.    W. — The     Attitude     of     Congress 

toward  the  Pioneers  of  the  West,  1820-1850, 
in  the  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics, 
Vol.  IX,  1911,  pp.  196-302. 

7.  Donaldson,     Thomas.   —   The     Public     Domain 

(Washington,  1884).     See  Table  of  Contents. 
41 


8.  Du  Bois,  J.  F.,  and  Mathews,  G.  S. — Galusha  A. 

Grow:  The  Father  of  the  Homestead  Law, 
1917.     A   superficial   study. 

9.  Esarv,   Logan. — A    History   of    Indiana    (1918), 

Vol.  I,  Chapter  XV. 

10.  Ford,  W.  C. — Public  Lands  of  the  United  States, 

in  Lalor's  Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science,  Po- 
litical Economy,  and  of  the  Political  History 
of  the  United  States,  1884.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  460- 
479. 

11.  Haney,  L.  H. — A  Congressional  History  of  Rail- 

zvays  in  the  United  States  to  1850.  Bulletin 
of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  1908.  Chap- 
ters XIV,  XV,  XVI,  XVII.  XVIII,  XIX. 
A  Congressional  History  of  Rail-ways  in  the 
United  States,  1850-1887.  Bulletin  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin.  1910.  Chapters  II, 
III,  VI.  * 

12.  Hibbard,  B.  H. — History  of  Agriculture  in  Dane 

County,  Wisconsin.  Bulletin  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin,  1904,  Part  I,  Chapter  III. 

13.  Hill,  R.  T. — The  Public  Domain  and  Democracy, 

Columbia  University  Studies,  Vol.  XXXVIII, 
No.  1,  1910,  Chapter  II. 

14.  Macy,     Jesse. — Institutional     Beginnings     in     a 

Western  State  (Iowa),  in  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  Studies,  Vol.  II,  1884,  pp.  347- 
380. 

15.  Middleton,     T.     J. — Andrexa     Johnson    and    the 

Homestead  Law,  in  The  Sewanee  Review,  Vol. 
XV,  July,  1907,  pp.  316-320. 

16.  Sanborn,   J.   B. — Congressional   Grants   of  Land 

in  Aid  of  Railways.  Bulletin  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin,  1899.  Introduction  and 
Chapters  I,  II,  III,  IV. 
Political  Aspects  of  Homestead  Legislation, 
American  Historical  Review,  Vol.  VI,  pp. 
19-37. 

42 


17.  Sato,  Shosuke. — History  of  the  Land  Question  in 

the  United  States.  Johns  Hopkins  University 
Studies,  1886,  pp.  1 18-181. 

18.  Sioussat,  St.  G.  L. — Andrew    Johnson    and    the 

Early  Phases  of  the  Homestead  Bill,  in  The 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Revieiv,  Vol.  V, 
No.  3,  December,  1918,  pp.  253-287. 

19.  Shambaugh,  B.  F. — History  of  the  Constitutions 

of  loxca,  pp.  30-65. 
Frontier  Land  Clubs  or  Claim  Associations.  An- 
nual Report  of  the  American  Association_, 
1900,  Vol.  I,  pp.  69-84'.  Also:  Constitution 
and  Records  of  Claim  Association  of  Johnson 
County,  lozca. 

20.  Stephenson,  George  M. — Political  History  of  the 

Public  Lands,  1840-1863  (1917). 

21.  Van  der  Zee,  Jacob. — The  Oldest  Land  Titles  in 

lozca,  in  The  lotca  Journal  of  History  and 
Politics,   Vol.   XIII,   pp.   416-428. 

22.  Welling,  J.  C. — The  Land  Politics  of  the  United 

States,  1888. 

23.  Wellington,  R.  G. — The    Political    and   Sectional 

Influence  of  the  Public  Lands,  1828-1842. 
The  Tariff  and  the  Public  Lands  from  1828  to 
1833,  in  Annual  Report  of  the  American  His- 
torical Association,  1911,  Vol.  I,  pp.  179-185. 
21.  Extended  bibliographies  on  the  public  lands  are 
given  in  Wellington,  R.  G. — The  Political  and 
Sectional  Influences  of  the  Public  Lands, 
1828-1842  (1914),  pp.  119-125,  and  Stephen- 
son, G.  W. — The  Political  History  of  the 
Public  Lands  from  1840-1862  (1917),  pp. 
251-277. 


43 


XIV. 

AGRICULTURE    IN    THE    NORTHERN    STATES:      PIONEER 
FARMING. 

1815-1860. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Econoviic  History  of  the  United 

States.  (Revised  Edition  of  1912),  pp.  266- 
274. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  464-484.. 

3.  Caird,    James. — Prairie     Farming     in     America, 

1859.  Special  attention  given  to  prairie 
farming  in  Illinois,  with  brief  surveys  of 
Wisconsin,   Minnesota,   and    Iowa. 

4.  Esary,  Logan.— .J  History  of  Indiana,  1918,  Vol. 

II,  Chapter  XXVIII. 

5.  Flint,   C.   L. — Agriculture   in   the   United  States, 

1607-1860.  Eighty  Years'  Progress,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  19-102. 

6.  Fuller,  G.  N. — Economic  and  Social  Beginnings 

of  Michigan  (1916).  See  Index  under  Agri- 
culture. 

7.  Gue,  B.  F. — History    of    lozca.  Vol.   I,  Chapter 

XXX. 

8.  Hibbard,  B.  H. — History  of  Agriculture  in  Dane 

County,  Wisconsin.  University  of  Wisconsin 
Bulletin,  1904,  Part  I,  Chapters  IV,  V,  VI. 

9.  Pooley,    W.    V.— Settlement    of    niinois,    1830- 

1850.  Bulletin  of  University  of  Wisconsin, 
1905,  Chapter  XIV. 

10.  Robinson,  E.  V. — Economic  History  of  Agrictd- 

ture  in  Minnesota.  Studies  in  Social  Science, 
No.  3,  1915,  Chapter  III. 

11.  Sanford,  A.  H. — The  Story  of  Agricidture  in  the 

United  States,  Chapters  XII,  XIII,  XIV,  XV. 

12.  Thompson,  J.  G. — Rise  and  Decline  of  the  Wheat 

Growing  Industry   in   Wisconsin.      Bulletin  of 
the   University     of    Wisconsin,    1909,    Part   I, 
44 


Chapter  II;  Part  II,  pp.  112-116,  121-130, 
159. 

13.  Turner,   F.   J. — Rise   of  the  Xeto   West,  in   The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  XIV,  Chapters  II,  III, 
VI. 

14.  Wright,  C.  W. — Wool-Growing    and    the    Tariff. 

Harvard  Economic  Studies,  Vol.  V,  Chapters 
III,  IV,  V. 

15.  Eighth  Census  of  the  United  States,  1860.     Vol- 

ume on  Agriculture  published  in  1864.  Intro- 
duction pp.  viii-cxxix.  Exceedingly  valuable 
for  the  following:  Agricultural  Implements, 
pp.  viii-x;  Cereals  (wheat,  corn,  oats,  rye,  bar- 
ley, and  buckwheat),  pp.  xi-lxxiv ;  ]Minor 
CrojJS  (peas  and  beans,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet 
potatoes),  pp.  Ixxiv-lxxxii;  Dairy  products, 
pp.  Ixxxii-lxxxvi ;  Wool,  pp.  Ixxxvi-lxxxix ; 
Flax,  pp.  Ixxxix-xciii ;  Cotton,  pp.  xciii,  xciv ; 
Rice,  pp.  xciv,  xcv ;  Hops,  pp.  xcv,  xcvi ; 
Tobacco,  pp.  xcvi-xcviii ;  Cane  sugar,  Maple 
sugar.  Sorghum  jSIolasses,  and  Honey,  pp. 
xcix-ci ;  Beet  sugar,  pp.  ci-cviii ;  Live  stock 
(horses  and  mules,  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine), 
pp.  cix-cxxix.  Study  especially  the  distribu- 
tion of  products  according  to  geographic  sec- 
tions, and  note  the  growing  differentiation  be- 
tween northern  agriculture  under  a  system  of 
small  farms  and  free  labor  and  southern  agri- 
culture under  a  system  of  large  plantations 
and  slave  labor. 

16.  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents, 

1839  to  1862.  The  Agricultural  reports  of 
the  government  were  printed  as  a  part  of  the 
reports  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  during 
this  period. 

17.  Annual    Reports    of    the    State    Departments    of 

Agricnlture  to  1860.  For  Iowa,  see  the  Re- 
ports of  the  lo-wa  Agricultural  Society,  from 
1854  to   I860. 

45 


18.  State  Census  Reports  to  1860.     For    Iowa,    see 

J.  A.  T.  Hull's  Historical  and  Comparative 
Census  of  Iowa,  1836  to  1880. 

19.  An  English  Settler  in  Pioneer    Wisconsin:    The 

Letters  of  Edwin  Bottomley,  184-2-1850. 
Edited  by  Milo  M.  Quaife,  in  Publications  of 
the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin. 
Collections,  Vol.  XXV,  1918. 

20.  The  Plough,  the  Loom,  and  the  Anvil.     An  Agri- 

cultural Journal  published  in  Philadelphia 
from  1818  to  1857  (nine  volumes).  Continued 
under  the  name  of  the  Farmers'  Magazine, 
from  July,  1857.  Valuable  for  a  study  of 
northern  and  southern  agriculture  in  the  fifties. 

XV. 

AGRICULTURE    IN    THE     SOUTHERN     STATES:      ECONOMICS 
OF    SLAVERY. 

1815-1860. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States  (Revised  Edition  of  1812),  Chapter 
XXI. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  4.76-484,  and  Chapter  XVII. 

3.  Cairnes,  J.  E.—The  Slave  Poiver  (1862),  Chap- 

ters II,  III,  IV,  V. 

4.  Callender,  G.  S. — Selections   from    the   Economic 

History  of  the  United  States,  Chapter  XV. 

5.  Commons,  J.  R. — Documentary    History    of    the 

American  Industrial  Society.  Volumes  I  and 
II  on  Plantation  and  Frontier.  See  Table  of 
Contents  to  each  volume.  See  especially  In- 
troductory Chapter  by  U.  B.  Phillips  (editor 
of  these  Wo  volumes).  Vol.   I,  pp.  69-104. 

6.  De  Bow,  J.  E.  B. — The  Industrial  Resources  of 

the  Soiithern  and  Western  States.    (3  volumes, 
1852.)      See  Table  of  Contents  under  appro- 
priate   headings.     Vol.    Ill    contains    also     a 
46 


good  index.  See  especially  Vol.  II,  pp.  205- 
263  on  Negro  Slavery. 

7.  Flint,   C.   L. — Agrinilture   in   the    United  States, 

in  Eighty  Years'  Progress,  1861,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
19-102.  See  Table  of  Contents,  under  appro- 
priate headings. 

8.  Hammond,  M.  B. — The  Cotton    Industry.     Pub- 

lications of  the  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion, New  Series,  No.  1,  1897,  Chapters  II. 
III.  Printed  also  in  Carver:  Selected  Read- 
ings in  Rural  Economics,  pp.  267-301. 

9.  Hart,    A.    B. — Slavery    and    Abolition,    in    The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  XVI,  Chapters  IV,  V, 
VI,  VII. 

10.  Helper,    H.    R. — The   Impending   Crisis    (1860), 

pp.   11-122,  281-413. 

11.  Ingle,     Edward. — Southern    Sidelights.     A     Pic- 

ture of  Social  and  Economic  Life  in  the  South 
a  Generation  before  the  Civil  War,  1896. 

12.  Jacobstein,  M. — The    Tobacco    Industry    in    the 

United  States,  in  the  Columbia  University 
Studies,  Vol.  XXVI,  No.  3,  1907,  Part  I, 
Chapter  II. 

13.  ]\IcCay,  C.  F. — Cotton  Culture,  in  Eighty  Years' 

Progress,   1861,  Vol.  I,  pp.   103-124..  " 

14.  McMaster,  J.   B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States,  Vol.  VII,  Chapter  76. 

15.  Olmsted,  F.  L. — Journeys    and    Explorations    in 

the  Cotton  Kingdom.  (Two  volumes,  London, 
1861.)  A  traveler's  observations  on  cotton 
and  slavery  in  the  American  Slave  States. 
These  two  volumes  are  based  on  earlier  vol- 
umes on  journeys  and  investigations  in  the 
Southern  States,  by  the  same  author. 

16.  Page,  T.  ^ .—The  Old  South  (1892). 

17.  Phillips,  U.  B. — The    Economic    Cost    of    Slave 

Holding  in  the  Cotton  Belt,  in  The  Political 
Science    Quarterly,   Vol.    XX,    pp.    257-275. 

47 


The  Southern  Black  Belt,  in  The  Americaw  His- 
torical Revieic,  Vol.  XI,  pp.  257  and  follow- 
ing, pp.  798  and  following. 

The  Economics  of  the  Plantation,  in  The  South 
Atlantic  Quarterly,  Vol.  II,  jop.  231  and  fol- 
lowing. 

The  Plantation  as  a  Civilizing  Factor,  in  The 
Sexcanee  Reviexo,  Vol.  XII,  pp.  257  and  fol- 
lowing. 

18.  Rhodes,  J.  F. — History    of    the     United    States, 

lSoO-1877,  Vol.   I,  Chapter  IV. 

19.  Smedes,  Susan  D. — A   Southern  Planter.     A  re- 

view of  social  life  in  the  Old  South  (1887). 

20.  Stone,  A.  H. — Some  Problems  in  Southern  Eco- 

nomic History,  in  The  American  Historical 
Review,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  4,  July,  1908,  pp. 
779-797.  Exceedingly  valuable  study  of 
slavery  as  an  economic  institution. 

21.  Von    Hoist,    H. — Constitutional    History    of    the 

United  States,  Vol.  Ill,  Chapter  XVII. 

22.  The  Plough,  the  Loom,  and  the  Anvil.     An  Agri- 

cultural Journal  published  in  Philadelphia 
from  18-18  to  1857  (nine  volumes).  Continued 
under  the  name  of  the  Farmers'  Magazine, 
from  July,  1857.  Valuable  for  a  study  of 
northern  and  southern  agriculture  in  the  fifties. 

23.  Eighth  Census  of  the  United  States,  1860.      Vol- 

ume on  Agriculture  published  in  1864.  Intro- 
duction, pp.  viii-cxxix.  Exceedingly  valuable 
for  the  following:  Agricultural  Implements, 
pp.  viii-x ;  Cereals  (wheat,  corn,  oats,  rye,  bar- 
ley and  buckwheat),  pp.  xi-lxxiv ;  minor  crops 
(peas  and  beans,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet  pota- 
toes), pp.  Ixxiv-lxxxii ;  Dairy  products,  pp. 
Ixxxii-lxxxvi ;  Wool,  pp.  Ixxxvi-lxxxix ;  Flax, 
pp.  Ixxxix-xciii ;  Cotton,  pp.  xciii,  xciv ;  Rice, 
pp.  xciv,  xcv ;  Hops,  xcv,  xcvi ;  Tobacco,  pp. 
xcvi-xcviii;  Cane  sugar.  Maple  sugar,  Sorg- 
hum molasses  and  Honey,  pp.  xcix-ci;  Beet 
sugar,  pp.  ci-cviii ;  Live  stock  (horses,  and 
48 


mules,  cattle,  sheep  and  swine),  pp.  cix-exxix. 
Study  especially  the  distribution  of  products 
according  to  geographic  sections,  and  note  the 
growing  differentiation  between  northern  agri- 
culture under  a  system  of  small  farms  and  free 
labor  and  southern  agriculture  under  a  sys- 
tem of  large  plantations  and  slave  labor. 

24.  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents, 

1830  to  1862.  The  Agricultural  reports  of 
the  government  were  printed  as  a  part  of  the 
reports  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  during 
this  period. 

25.  Annual    Reports    of    the    State    Departments    of 

Agriculture  to  1860. 

26.  State  Census  Reports  to  1860. 

XVI. 

INTERNAL    TRADE    AND    TRANSPORTATION. 

1815-1860. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States.  (Revised  Edition  of  1912.)  Chap- 
ter XV  and  pp.  228-235.  See  map  opposite 
page  232,  showing  railroads,  canals,  stage 
lines,  and  Cumberland  road  in  1850. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
Chapter  XII. 

3.  Callender,  G.   S. — Selections  from   the  Economic 

History  of  the  United  States,  Chapter  VIII. 
4'.   Cleveland,   F.  A.,   and   Powell,  F.  W. — Railroad 
Promotion    and    Capitalization  in  the   United 
States,  Chapters   I   to  XV,  inclusive. 

5.  Cotterill,  R.  S. — Southern    Railroads    and    West- 

ern Trade,  181,0-1850,  in  The  Mississippi  Val- 
ley Historical  Reviexv,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  4,  March, 
1917,  pp.   127-441. 

6.  Day,   Clive. — History   of  Commerce.     New   Edi- 

tion of   1914,  Chapter  48. 
49 


7.  Esar}^,  Logan. — A  History  of  Indiana,  1910,  Vol. 

I,  Chapters  XI,  XVI;  Vol.  II,  Chapter  XXV. 

8.  Gephart,   W.   F. — Transportation  and  Industrial 

Development  in  the  Middle  West.  The 
Columbia  University  Studies,  Vol.  XXXIV, 
No.  1,  1909.  Chapters  I,  III,  IV,  V,  VI,  VII, 
VIII. 

9.  Haney,   L.    H. — Congressional   History   of  Rail- 

xcays  in  the  United  States  to  1850.  Bulletin 
of  University  of  Wisconsin,   1908. 

10.  Hibbard,  B.  H. — History  of  Agricidture  in  Dane 

County,  Wisconsin,  in  Bulletin  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin  (1904),  Part  I,  Chapter  VI, 
Section  II,  pp.    134-142. 

11.  Hulbert,  A.  C— Historic  Hiqhxcays,  Vols.  XIII, 

XIV. 

12.  Johnson,   E.   R. — History  of  Domestic  and  For- 

eign Commerce  of  the  United  States.  Vol.  I, 
pp.  212-223  and  Chapter  XIV. 

13.  MacDonald,     W. — Jachsonian      Democracy,     in 

The  American  Nation,  Vol.  XV,  Chapter  VIII. 

14.  Mc:Master,  J.  B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States,  Vol.  IV,  Cliapter  33;  Vol.  V, 
Chapter  44.  (See  maps  opposite  page  148, 
showing  roads,  canals,  and  steamboat  routes  in 
the  United  States  in  1825;  Vol.  VII,  Chap- 
ter 74.) 

15.  Meyer,  B.  H. — History  of  Transportation  in  the 

United  States  before  1860.  (Washington, 
1917.)      Chapters  IV  to  XVII,  inclusive. 

16.  Philli^^s,  U.  B. — History  of  Transportation  in  the 

Eastern  Cotton  Belt  to  1860. 

17.  Smith,  T.  C. — Parties  and  Slavery,  in  The  Amer- 

ican Nation,  Vol.  XVIII,  Chapter  V. 

18.  Rii^ley,  W.  Z. — Railroads :    Rates    and    Regula- 

tion, Chapter  I. 

19.  Robinson,  E.  V. — Economic  History  of  Agricid- 

ture    in     Minnesota.     Studies    in    the    Social 
Sciences,  No.  3,   1915,  Chapter  II. 
50 


20.  Turner,  F.   J.— Rise  of    the  Nezo  West,  in   The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  XIV,  Chapters  VII 
and  XIII. 

21.  Way,  R.  B. — The  Mississippi  Valley  and  Inter- 

nal Improvements,  1825-18JfO.  Proceedings 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Associa- 
tion, Vol.  IV,  1910-1911,  pp.  153-180. 

22.  United  States  Census  of  1860.     Volume  on  Agri- 

culture, Introduction,  pp.  cxxix-cxxxiv,  cxliv- 
clxix. 

23.  Van  der  Zee,  J. — Roads  and  Highways  of  Terri- 

torial Iowa,  in  The  lorca  Journal  of  History 
and  Politics,  Vol.  Ill   (1905),  pp.  175-225. 

24.  Niles   Register    (75     volumes,     1812-1849).     See 

Table  of  Contents  to  each  volume. 

XVII. 

AGRICULTURE    IN    RELATION    TO    CURRENCY    AND 
BANKING. 

1816-1860. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States.  (Revised  Edition  of  1912.)  Chap- 
ter XVII. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  ]M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
Chapter  XV. 

3.  Babcock,   K. — Rise   of  American  Nationality,  in 

The  American  Nation,  Vol.  XIII,  Chapter 
XIII. 

4.  Callender,  G.  S. — Selections  from  the    Economic 

History  of  the  United  States,  Chapter  11. 

5.  Catterall,   R.   C. — Second    Bank    of    the    United 

States  (1902),  pp.  33-35,  61-57,  61-67,  83- 
84,  89-91,  95-99,  101,  114-117,  130-131,  137- 
163,  167-169,  175,  183-185,  194,  235,  239- 
240,  289,  296,  316-317,  329-331,  347-348, 
363-364. 

6.  Dewey,  D.  R. — Financial  History  of  the  United 

States    (Fourth    Edition,   Revised    1912),  pp. 
51 


143-161,  165-171,  197-237,  239-247,  252-262, 
267-270. 

7.  Esary,   Logan. — A     History    of    Indiana,     1918. 

Vol.  I,  Chapter  XVII. 

8.  Garrison,  G.   P. — Westivard    Extension,    in    The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  XVII,  Chapter  XII. 

9.  Hart,    A.    B. — Slavery    arid    Abolition,    in    The 

American  Nation,  Vol.   XVI,   Chapter   XX. 

10.  Holdsworth,  J.  T.,  and  Dewey,  D.  R.—The  First 

and  Second  Banks  of  the  United  States.  Re- 
port of  National  Monetary  Commission,  1910. 

11.  MacDonald,     Wra.^ — Jaclxsonian     Democracy,     in 

The  American  Nation,  Vol.  XV,  Chapters  VII, 
XIII   and  pp.   285-291. 

12.  McMaster.  J.  B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States,  Vol.  Ill",  pp.  379-390;  IV,  235- 
239,  286-318,  484-510;  V.  161-165.  413;  VI. 
1-10,  131-141,  146,  183-219,  308-310,  321- 
324,  337-340,  356-358,  378,  389-419,  530- 
547,  624-630;  VII,  1-33,  42-49;  VIII,  283- 
302. 

13.  Smith,  T.  C. — Parties  and  Slavery,  in  The  Amer- 

ican Nation,  Vol.  XVIII,  Chapter  XIII. 

14.  Turner,  F.  J. — 7??*^    of    the    New    West,  in  The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  XIV,  Chapter  IX. 

15.  Niles    Register    (75    vohmies,    1812-1849).     See 

Tahle  of  Contents  to  each  volume. 

XVIII. 

FOREIGN    COMMERCE    AND    SHIPPING. 
1815-1860. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States.  (Revised  Edition  of  1912.)  Pp. 
222-228. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  ]M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
Chapter  XIII. 

3.  Day,    Clive. — History    of    Commerce,     Chapters 

49,  50. 

52 


1.  De  Bow,  J.  D.  B. — Industrial  Resources  of  the 
Southern  and  Western  States.  (3  volumes, 
1852,  1853.)  See  Table  of  Contents  to  each 
volume  under  appropriate  headings.  Also 
Index  to  Volume  III. 
Review  (40  volumes,   18i6-1870). 

5.  Depew,   C.   M. — One  Hundred  Years  of  Ameri- 

can Commerce,  2  volumes,  1895. 

6.  Hammond,  M.  B. — The  Cotton  Industry,  in  Pub- 

lications of  the  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion, New  Series,  No.  1,  1897,  Chapters  IX 
and  X. 

7.  Johnson,  Emory. — History  of  Domestic  and  For- 

eign Commerce  of  the  United  States  (1915), 
Vol.  II,  Chapter  XXIV.  See  also  pp.  356- 
859,  363-369,  and  376-381  for  Bibliography 
on  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United  States 
from   1789  to  1914. 

8.  Meeker,  Royal. — History  of  Shipping  Subsidies, 

in  Publications  of  the  American  Economic  As- 
sociation, Third  Series,  Vol.  VI  (1905),  No. 
3,  pp.    150-157. 

9.  Pitkin,    Timothy. — A    Statistical    Viezv     of     the 

Commerce  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
(Second  Edition,  1835.) 

10.  Shaler,  N.  S.—The    United    States    of   America, 

Vol.  I,  pp.  536-558. 

11.  Sterns,  W.  P. — The  Foreign  Trade  of  the  United 

States,  1820-J840,  in  The  Journal  of  Political 
Economy,  Vol.  VIII,  1900,  pp.  34-57,  452- 
490. 

12.  Turner.  F.  J. — The    Rise    of   the    Nezv    West,  in 

The  American  Nation,  Vol.  XIV,  pp.  294-298. 

13.  Webster,  W.  C. — A     General    History    of    Com- 

merce,  1903,  pp.   355-387. 

14.  Eighth  Census  of  the  United  States.      Volume  on 

Agriculture,  Introduction,  pp.  cxxxvi-cliv. 

15.  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine. 

16.  Niles  Register.      (75   volumes,   1811-1849.)      See 

Table  of  Contents  to  each  volume. 
53 


17.  Annual  Report  on  the  Foreign  Commerce  and 
Navigation  of  the  United  States.  (Annual 
since  1820.)  Prepared  from  1820  to  1866  in 
office  of  the  Register  of  Treasury. 

XIX. 

AGRICULTURE    IN    RELATION    TO    THE    TARIFF. 

1816-1860. 

1.  Babcock,   K. — Rise   of  American  Nationality,  in 

The    American   Nation,    Vol.    XIII,     Chapter 
XIV. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States    (Revised   Edition   of    1912),  pp.    172- 
173,  185-187. 

3.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
Chapter  X. 
4.   Callender,  G.  S. — Selections  from  the  Economic 
History    of    the    United    States,  pp.  487-490, 
498-503,  552-563. 

5.  Dewey,  D.  R. — Financial  History  of  the  United 

States    (Fourth    Edition,   Revised     1912),  pp. 
161-165,  172-196,  237-239,  248-252,  262-267. 

6.  Garrison,  G.   P. — Westtvard    Extension,    in    The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  XVII,  Chaioter  XII. 

7.  MclNIaster,  J.  B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  319-340;  V,  Chap- 
ter 46;  VI,  pp.  134-138,  167-169;  VII,  58-66. 

8.  ]\IacDonald,     Wm. — Jacksonian    Democracy,     in 

The  American  Nation,  Vol.  XV,  Chapters  V 
and  IX. 

9.  Rhodes,  J.  F. — History    of    the    United    States, 

Vol.  Ill,  pp.  27-60.' 

10.  Stanwood,  E. — American  Tariff  Controversies  in 

the  Nineteenth  Century,  Vol.   I,  pp.   136-157, 
166-290,  349-410;   II,' 14-37,  38-82. 

11.  Taussig,  F.  AV. — Tariff    History    of    the    United 

States,  Part  I,  Chapters  I,  11  and  III. 
State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tariff  (1893), 
pp.  252-385. 

54 


12.  Turner,   F.   J. — Rise  of    the  New  West,  in  The 

American  Nation,  Vol.  XIV,  pp.  143-14-7,  236- 
244.,  314-332. 

13.  Wright,   C.   W. — Wool   Growing  and  the   Tariff. 

Harvard  Economic  Studies,  Vol.  V.  See  In- 
dex under  Tariff. 

14.  Annals    of     Congress. — 16th   Congress,   1st  Ses- 

sion, Vol.  II,  pp.  2034-2041  (Clay's  Speech, 
April  26,  1820).  18th  Congress,  1st  Session, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  1964-1980,  1997-1998  (Clay's 
Speech,  March  30,  31,  1824),  Also  p.  2370 
(Randolph),  and  pp.  2403-2412;  2423-2424 
(McDuffie). 

15.  Congressional    Debates.     Vol.     IV,    Part  2,  pp. 

2098,  2105-2109.  Buchanan's  speech,  April 
2,  1828,  on  relation  of  tariff  to  molasses  and 
western  grain  interests. 

16.  Niles  Register.      (75  volumes,   1811-1849.)      See 

Table  of  Contents  to  volumes  dealing  with  the 
principal  tariff  bills  of  the  period.  Especially 
Volumes  XXV,  XXVI,  on  the  Tariff  of  1824. 

17.  Tariff  Acts  from  1789  to  1909.     Sixty-first  Con- 

gress, Second  Session,  Document  No.  671. 
(1909.)  See  Table  of  Contents  for  Tariff 
Acts  of  this  i^eriod. 

XX. 

PIONEER    LIFE     AND    IDEALS. 
1830-1860. 

1.  Aurner,     C.    R. — lozva    Stories,    Book    I,    1917; 

Book  II,  1918. 

2.  Baird,   E.   T. — Reminiscences   of  Life   in   Terri- 

torial Wisconsin,  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Col- 
lections, Vol.  XV,  pp.  205-26*^. 

3.  Brigham,  Johnson. — Frontier  Life  in  Iowa  in  the 

Forties,  in  Magazine  of  History,  Vol.  XVIII, 
pp.  23-28. 

55 


4.  Brunson,  Alfred. — A    Methodist    Circuit    Rider's 

Horseback  Tour  from  Pennsylvania  to  Wiscon- 
sin, 18S5,  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections, 
Vol.  XV,  pp.  261-291. 

5.  Brunson,  Mrs.   C.   C. — Sketch    of    Pioneer    Life 

Among  the  Indians,  in  Michigan  Pioneer  and 
Historical  Collections,  Vol.  XXVIII,  pp.  161- 
163. 

6.  Buck,  S.  J. — Some  Materials  for  the  Social  His- 

tory of  the  Mississippi  J  alley  in  the  Niiie- 
teenth  Century,  in  Proceedings  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Historical  Association,  Vol.  IV 
(1910-1911),  pp.  139-151. 

7.  Callender,  G.  S. — Selections  from  the    Economic 

History  of  the   United  States,  pp.  617-665. 

8.  Carr,  C.  b.—The  Illini:  A  Story  of  the  Prairies, 

1904. 

9.  Cole,  F.  E. — Pioneer  Life  in  Kansas,  in  Kansas 

Historical  Society  Collections,  Vol.  XII,  pp. 
353-358. 

10.  Coman,  Katherine. — Economic  Beginnings  of  the 

Far  West,  Vol.  II,  Chapter  II. 

11.  Coe,  E.  D. — Rock  River  Pioneering  (Wisconsin), 

in  Wisconsin  Historical  Society  Proceedings, 
1907,  pp.   189  and  following. 

12.  Commons,    J.    R. — Documentary   History    of   the 

American  Industrial  Society,  Vol.  VII,  Intro- 
duction. 

13.  Coolbaugh,  F.  C. — Reminiscences    of    the    Early 

Days  of  Minnesota,  1851-1861,  in  Minnesota 
Historical  Collections,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  479-196. 

14.  Douglass,  F.  O. — The  Pilqrims  of  lotva  (1911), 

Chapters  I  to  VII. 

15.  Duffield,  G.  C. — An  lorva  Settler's  Homestead,  in 

The  Annals   of  Iowa,   Third   Series,   Vol.   VI 

(1903-1905),  pp.  206-215. 
Frontier    Church    Going,   1837.      Ibid,  pp.   266- 

275. 
Youthtime    in    Frontier    lozca.      Ibid,    Vol.    VII 

(1905-1907).  347-360. 
50 


16.  Dunbar,   S. — History   of   Travel   in   America.     4 

volumes. 

17.  Esary,    Logan. — A    History    of    Indiana^     1918. 

Vol.   I,   Chapter    XVIII;    Vol.    II,   Chapters 
XXII,  XXIV. 
Pioneers  of  Morgan  County,  in  Indiana  Histori- 
cal Society  Publications,  Vol.  V,  No.  5. 

18.  Flagg,    Gershom. — Pioneer     Letters,    in     Illinois 

State  Historical  Society  Transactions  (1910), 
pp.  139-183. 

19.  Fuller,  J.   N. — Economic  and  Social  Beginnings 

of  Michigan,  1916,  pp.  482-488.  See  also 
Bibliography  on  Pioneer  Life,  pp.  572,  573. 

20.  Garland,    Hamlin. — Son   of   the   Middle   Border, 

1917. 

21.  Gue.  B.   F. — History    of    Iowa,     1903.     Vol.     I, 

Chapter  XXX. 

22.  Hart,  A.  B. — American  History  as  Told  by  Con- 

temporaries.     Vol.  Ill,  pp.  463-467,  520-523. 

23.  Ingham,     W.     H.— Hardships     of     Pioneers     in 

Northzvestern  Iowa,  in  The  Annals  of  Iowa, 
Third  Series,  Vol.  V  (1901-1903),  pp.  135- 
142. 

24.  Johnson,  C.  B. — Every  Day  Life  iti  Illinois  Near 

the  Middle  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  in  Illi- 
nois   State    Historical    Society    Transactions, 
,1912,  pp.  44-53. 

25.  Lacher,  J.  H.  A. — Taverns  and  Stages  of  Early 

Wisconsin,  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Society 
Proceedings,   1914,  pp.   118-167. 

26.  Laut,  A.  C. — Pioneer    Women    of    the    West,  in 

Outing,  Vol.  51,  pp.  686-698;  Vol.  52,  pp. 
271-286,  413-423. 

27.  McCormack,  T.   J.    (Editor). — Memoirs  of  Gus- 

tav  Koerner. 

28.  McMaster,  J.  B. — History  of  the  People  of  the 

United  States,  Vol.  Vl'l,  Chapter  75. 

29.  Mathews,  L.  K. — Expansion    of    New    England, 

Chapters  VII,  VIII,  IX. 
57 


30.  Norton,  J.  M. — Early  Schools  and  Pioneer  Life, 

in  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collec- 
tions, Vol.  XXVIII,  pp.  107-110. 

31.  Palmer,   S.   M. — Western   Wisconsin  in  1836,  in 

Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  Vol.  VI,  pp. 
297-307. 

32.  Poolcy,  W.  V. — The  Settlement  of  Illinois  from 

1S30  to  1850,  Bulletin  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin   (1908),  Chapters   I,  XIV. 

33.  Rodolf,  Theodore. — Pioneering  in  the  Wisconsin 

Lead  Region,   183Ji,-18Jf.8,   in   Wisconsin    His- 
torical Collections,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  338-389. 
31.   Schoiiler,  James. — History  of  the  United  States, 
Vol.  Ill,  pp.  507-531;  IV,  pp.  1-31. 

35.  .Shaw,  A.  H.-^Story  of  a  Pioneer,  1905.      Chap- 

ter II. 

36.  Sparks,  E.  E. — Expansion  of  the  American  Peo- 

ple, pp.  238-248. 

37.  Thompson,  O.  C. — Observations  and  Experiences 

in  Michigan  Forty  Years  Ago,  in  Michigan 
Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
395-402. 

38.  Thwaites,  R.  G. — Wisconsin  in  Three  Centuries, 

1906.     Vol.  II,  Chapter  XI. 

39.  Todd,   John. — Early   Settlement   and   Grorvth   of 

JV ester Ji  lozca,  1906. 

40.  Turner,    F.    J. — Significance   of   the   Frontier   in 

American  History,  in  Annual  Report  of  the 
American  Historical  Association,  1893,  pp. 
199-227.  Reprinted  in  Bullock's  Selected 
Readings  in  Economics,  pp.  23-59. 

The  Colonization  of  the  West,  1820-1830,  in 
The  American  Historical  Review,  Vol.  XI 
(1906),  pp.  303-327. 

Dominant  Forces  in  Western  Life,  in  The  Atlan- 
tic Monthly,  Vol.  79,  pp.  433-436. 

41.  Vogel,  W.   F. — Home  Life  in  Early  Indiana,  in 

Indiana  Magazine  of  History,  Vol.  X,  pp.  1- 
29,  284-320'. 

58 


42.  Walker,  T.  B. — Memories  of  the  Early  Life  and 

Development  of  Minnesota,  in  Minnesota  His- 
torical Society  Collections,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  455- 
478. 

43.  Whitney,   A.    B. — Some    Western   Border   Condi- 

tions in  the  50's  and  60's,  in  Kansas  Historical 
Society  Collections,  Vol.  XII,  pp.   1-10. 

44.  Wilkinson,  W.  S. — A  Pioneer  Settlement  in  Madi- 

son County,  in  The  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third 
Series,  Vol.  VI  (1903-1905),  pp.  447-454. 

45.  An  English  Settler  in  Pioneer   Wisconsin:    The 

Letters  of  Edwin  Bottomley,  1842-1852. 
Edited  by  M.  M.  Quaife.  Publications  of 
the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin  Col- 
lections, Vol.  XXV,  1918. 


59 


Part  III. 

THE  AGRARIAN  REVOLUTION  AND  THE 
OPENING  OF  THE  FAR  WEST. 

1860-1900. 


XXI. 

GENERAL  FEATURES  OF  THE  AGRARIAN  REVOLUTION. 
1860-1900. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States    (Revised   edition   of     1912),   Chapters 
XXII,  XXIII. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readincjs 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
1916,  pp.  613-629. 

3.  Brewer,   W.    N. — History   of  American   Agricul- 

ture, in   Tenth   Census   of   the   United   States, 
Vol.  Ill,  Report  on  Cereal  Production,  p.  141. 

4.  Carver,  T.  N. — Historical    Sketch    of    American 

Agriculture,  in  Bailey's  Cyclopedia  of  Ameri- 
can Agriculture,  Vol.  IV,  1909,  pp.  64-70. 
Rural  Economics,  1911,  pp.  92-116. 

5.  Coman,    Katherine. — Industrial    History    of    the 

United     States     (Revised     edition    of    1910), 
Chapter  IX. 

6.  Dewey,  D.  R. — National  Problems  in  The  Amer- 

ican Nation,  Vol.  XXIV,   1907,  Chapter   I. 

7.  Fowler,  F.  H. — Abandoned    Farms,    in    Bailey's 

Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  Vol.  IV, 
pp.   102-106. 

8.  Johnson,   E.   R. — History   of  Domestic  and  For- 

eign   Commerce   of     the    United   States,    1915, 
Vol.  I,  Chapter  XV. 

9.  Kinley,  David. — The  Center  of  Agricultural  Pro- 

duction,  in    Bailey's    Cyclopedia    of    American 
Agriculture,  Vol.IV,  1909,  pp.   119-125, 

61 


10.  Ross,  J.   B. — The    Agrarian    Revolution    in    the 

Middle  West,  in  The  North  American  Reviezv, 
Vol.  190,  1909,  pp.  376-391. 
Agrarian  Changes  in  the  Middle   West,  in   The 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  Vol.  XXV,   1910, 
pp.  625-637. 

11.  Sanford,  A.  H. — The  Story  of  Agriculture  in  the 

United  States,  1915,  Chapters  XVII,  XVIII, 
XIX,  XX,  XXI,  XXII. 

12.  Sparks,   E.   E. — National    Development    in    The 

American  Nation^  Vol.  XXIII,  1907,  Chap- 
ter II. 

13.  Thornton,    W.    B. — Revolution     by     Farm     Ma- 

chinery, in  The  World's  Work,  Vol.  Vl,  pp. 
3766-3779. 

14.  Quaintance,  H.  W. — The  Influence  of  Farm  Ma- 

chinery on  Production  and  Labor,  in  Publica- 
tions of  the  American  Economic  Association, 
Third  Series,  Vol.  V,  No.  4,  November,  1904, 
pp.  1-103.  Reprinted  with  omissions  in  Car- 
ver's Selected  Readings  in  Rural  Economics, 
pp.  32-100. 
The  Influence  of  Machinery  on  the  Economic 
and  Social  Conditions  of  the  Agricultural  Peo- 
ple, in  Bailey's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agri- 
culture, Vol.  IV,  *1909,  pp.   108-113. 

15.  Wright.    C.    D. — Industrial     Evolution     of     the 

United  States,  1897,  Chapter  XII. 

16.  Wright,  C.  \Y .—Wool-Grotcing    and    the    Tariff, 

in  Harvard  Economic  Studies,  Vol.  V  (1910), 
Chapters  VI,  VII,  VIII,  IX. 

17.  Encyclopedia     Britannica     (Eleventh     Edition). 

Vol.  I,  pp.  414-421.  On  agriculture  in  the 
United  States.  Good  survey  of  agriculture 
for  the  period  following  the  Civil  War. 

18.  Appleton's  Annual   Cyclopedia,  1861-1902.     Ap- 

pears under  the  title  of  American  Annual 
Cyclopedia  for  1861  to  1875. 

19.  Bailey's     Cyclopedia    of    American    Agriculture, 

Vol.  IV,  1909,  Chapters  V,  VI,  VII,  VIII,  IX. 
62 


20.  Eighth  Cens2is  of  the  United  States.     Volume  on 

Agriculture,  Introduction. 

21.  Tenth  Census  of  the  United  States,  Volume  III. 

See  special  reports  on  "  The  Cereals,"  "  Flour 
Milling,"  "  Meat  Production,"  and  "  Tobacco." 

22.  Tzvelfth  Census  of  the  United  States,  Volumes  V, 

VI.  See  especially  Vol.  V,  pp.  xvi-xxxvii  for 
a  review  of  "Agricultural  Progress  of  Fifty 
Years,  1850-1900." 

23.  United  States  Department  of    Agriculture.     An- 

nual Reports  from  1862  to  1900  and  Year- 
books from  1891  to  1900.  See  especially  An- 
nual Report  of  the  Statistician  printed  in  the 
Annual  Report  of  the  Department.  See  also 
Table  of  Contents  under  appropriate  headings 
in  both  the  Annual  Reports  and  Yearbooks. 
The  Yearbook  for  1899  contains  a  number  of 
papers  presenting  a  resume  of  the  development 
of  agriculture  in  the  United  States  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century  and  its  conditions  at  the 
close  of  the  century. 

24.  State  Departments  of  Agriculture.     Annual   Re- 

ports from  1860  (or  from  beginning  of  publi- 
cation if  later  than  1860)  to  1900. 

25.  Agricultural    Periodicals.     See  periodicals  listed 

in  Buck's  The  Granger  Movement,  in  Harvard 
Historical  Series,  Vol.  XIX,  1913,  pp.  321- 
329. 

XXII. 

THE    PUBLIC    LANDS. 
1862-1900. 

1,  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  610-643. 

2.  Best,  E.  Y.—The  Utilization  of  the  Vacant  Pub- 

lic Lands,  in  The  National  Geographic  Maga- 
zine, Vol.  VIII,  1897,  pp.  49-57. 
63 


3.  Commons,  J.   R. — Documentary    History    of    the 

American  Industrial  Society,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  46- 
51. 

4.  Donaldson,  T. — The    Public    Domain   (Washing- 

ton, 1884).     See  Table  of  Contents. 

5.  Haney,  L.  H. — A  Congressional  History  of  Rail- 

icai/s  in  the  United  States,  1850-1SS7.  Bulle- 
tin of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  1910.  Book 
I,  Chapters  II,  II L 

6.  Hill,  R.  T. — The    Public    Domain    and    Democ- 

racy, in  Columbia  University  Studies,  Vol. 
XXXVIII,  1910,  Chapters  VII,  VIII.  See 
also  General  Bibliography,  pp.  241-249. 

7.  Ise,  John. — A   Chapter  in  the  Early  History  of 

the  United  States  Forest  Policy,  in  The  Ames 
Forester.  Published  by  the  Iowa  State  Col- 
lege, Vol.  Ill,  1915,  pp.  33-66. 

8.  McLaughlin,  A.  C,  and  Hart,  A.  B. — Cyclopedia 

of  American  Government,  Vol.  III.  pp.  95-97. 

9.  Puter,  S.  A.   D. — Looters  of  the  Public  Domain 

(1908).     See  Table  of  Contents,  pp.  492-495. 

10.  Sanborn,   J.    B. — Congressional    Grants   of  Land 

in  Aid  of  Railways,  in  Bulletin  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin,  1899.  Chapters  V,  VI, 
VII,  VIII.  See  also  Appendix  A  on  "  The 
Use  of  Railroad  Lands  by  States  and  Corpora- 
tions," and  Appendix  B  on  "  Bibliography." 

11.  West,  Max. — The  Public  Domain  of  the   United 

States,  in  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  1898.  pp.  325-354. 

12.  The   Public   Domain,   in   Annual    Report    of   the 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  1868,  pp.  454- 
471. 

13.  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  the  Gen- 

eral Land  Office,  1860  to  1900.  (Department 
of  the  Interior.) 

14.  Annual  Reports  of  the  State  Land  Offices,  1860- 

1900. 

15.  Land  Laws   of  the    United  States.      (2   volumes, 

Washington,   1884.) 
64 


XXIII. 

AGRICULTURE    IN   THE    NORTH   ATLANTIC    STATES. 
1860-1900. 

Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey. 

1.  Fowler,  F.  H. — Abandoned    Farms,    in    Bailey's 

Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  Vol.  IV, 
pp.  102-106. 

2.  Hartt,    R.    L. — The   Regeneration    of  New   Eng- 

land, in  Outing^  Vol.  64-  (1900),  pp.  501-509. 

3.  Hibbard,  B.  H. — Tenancy  in  the  North  Atlantic 

States  in  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics, 
Vol.  XXVI,  pp.  105-117.  Reprinted  in  Car- 
ver's Selected  Readings  in  Rural  Economics 
(1916),  pp.  498-507. 

4.  Morgan,  Philip,  and  Sanborn,  A.  F. — The  Prob- 

lems of  Rtiral  Nexo  England,  in  The  Atlantic 
Monthly,  Vol.  79   (1897),  pp.  577-598. 

5.  Sanborn,    A.     F. — The    Future    of     Rural    New 

England,  in  The  Atlantic  Monthly,  Vol.  80 
(1897),  pp.  74-83. 

6.  Agricultural  Progress  of  Fifty  Years,  1850-1900, 

in  Twelfth  Census  of  the  United  States 
(1900),  Vol.  V,  pp.  xvi-xxxv. 

7.  Encyclopedia     Britannica     (Eleventh     Edition). 

For  states  composing  the  North  Atlantic 
Group. 

8.  Farming  in  New  England^  in  Annual  Report  of 

the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
1870,  pp.  255-267. 

9.  Disastrous   Effects   of   the   Opening   of   the    West 

on  New  Hampshire  Agriculture,  in  Annual 
Report  of  the  New  Hampshire  Board  of  Agri- 
culture, 1887. 
10.  United  States  Census  Reports  for  I860,  1870, 
1880,  1890  and  1900.  See  volumes  on 
"  Population  "  and  "  Agriculture,"  for  reports 
65 


on  the  states  composing  the  North  Atlantic 
Group. 

11.  Annual  Report  of  the  Statistician,  printed  in  the 

Annual  Reports  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture. 

12.  Annual  Reports   of    the    State    Departments    of 

Agriculture  of  the  States  Composing  the 
North  Atlantic  Group.  The  Massachusetts 
and  New  York  reports  are  especially  valuable. 

13.  Agricultural  Periodicals. 

XXIV. 

AGRICULTURE    IN   THE    SOUTH   ATLANTIC    STATES. 
1860-1900. 

Virginia,    Maryland,    Delaware,    North    Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Georgia  and  Florida. 

1.  Arnold,  B.  W.—The  History  of  the  Tobacco  In- 

dustry in  Virginia  from  1860  to  189^,  in  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  1897. 

2.  Brooks,  P.  E. — The  Agrarian  Revolution  in  Geor- 

gia, 1865-1912.  Bulletin  of  the  University 
of  Wisconsin,  1914. 

3.  Hammond,  M.  B. — The  Cotton  Industry,  in  Pub- 

lications of  the  American  Association,  New 
Series,  No.  1,  Part  I,  1897,  Chapters  IV,  V, 
VI,  VII. 

4.  Hibbard,  B.  H. — Tenancy  in  the  Southern  States, 

in  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  Vol. 
XXVII,  1913,  "pp.  482-496.  Reprinted  in 
Carver's  Selected  Readings  in  Rural  Eco- 
nomics, pp.  523-535. 

5.  Jacobstein,   M. — The    Tobacco    Industry,  in  the 

Columbia  University  Studies,  Vol.  XXVI 
(1907),  No.  3.  Part  H,  Chapters  I  to  VII.  in- 
clusive. 

6.  Status  of  T'irginia  Agriculture  in  1870,  in  Annual 

Report   of   the   United   States    Department  of 
Agriculture,  1870,  pp.  267-291. 
06 


7.  Encyclopedia     Britannica     (Eleventh    Edition). 

For  states  composing  the  South  Atlantic 
Group. 

8.  Agricultural  Progress  of  Fifty  Years,  1850-1900, 

in  Twelfth  Census  of  the  United  States,  Vol. 
V,  pp.  xvi-xxxv. 

9.  Annual  Report  of  the  Statistician,  in  the  Annual 

RejDorts  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

10.  Annual  Reports  of  the  Departments  of  Agricul- 

ture of  the  States  Composing  the  South  Atlan- 
tic Group. 

11.  United    States    Census    Reports    for  1860,  1870, 

1880,  1890  and  1900.  Volumes  on  "Popula- 
tion "  and  "Agriculture."  Consult  these  re- 
ports for  the  states  of  the  South  Atlantic 
Group. 

12.  Agricultural  Periodicals. 

13.  For   General   Bibliography    on    The   New   South, 

1870-1895,  see  Channing,  Hart,  and  Turner's 
Guide  to  the  Study  and  Reading  of  American 
History  (Revised  edition,  1912),  pp.  536-538. 

XXV. 

AGRICULTURE    IN    THE    NORTH    CENTRAL    STATES. 
1860-1900. 

Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
Iowa,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota. 

1.  Bentley,  A.  F. — Condition  of  the  Western  Farmer 

as  Illustrated  by  the  Economic  History  of  a 
Nebraska  Township,  in  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  Studies,  Vol.  11,  pp.  285-370. 

2.  Brooks,   E.  'C.—The    Story     of    Corn     and    the 

Westward  Migration,  1916. 

3.  Casson,  H.  N. — The    Romance    of    the    Reaper, 

1908. 
Cyrus   Hall   McCormick:    His   Life   and   Work, 
1909. 

67 


4.  Coulter,  J.  L. — Industrial  History  of  the  Valley 

of  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  in  Publications 
of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  North  Da- 
kota, Vol.   Ill,  pp.   28-115. 

5.  Dondlinger,  P.  T.—The    Book    of    Wheat,  1916. 

An  economic  history  and  practical  manual  of 
the  wheat  industry. 

6.  Edgar,  W.  C. — The' Story  of  a  Grain  of  Wheat, 

1903. 

7.  Fite,  E.   D. — Agricultural    Development    of    the 

West  during  the  Civil  War,  in  The  Quarterly 
Jotirnal  of  Economics,  Vol.  XX,  1906.  pp. 
259-278.  Reprinted  in  substantially  tlie  form 
as  Chapter  I  in  the  same  author's  Social  and 
Industrial  Conditions  in  the  Xorth  during  the 
Civil  War,  1910. 

8.  Grinnell,  J.  B. — Sheep  on  the  Prairies,  in  Annual 

Report  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  1862,  pp.  300-312. 

9.  Harger,  C.  M. — The    Nexo    Era    in    the    Middle 

West,  in  Harper's  Magazine,  Vol.  97,  July, 
1898,  pp.   276-282. 

10.  Hedrick,  W.  O. — Social  and  Economic  Aspects  of 

Michigan  History,  in  ^Michigan  Historical  So- 
ciety Collections."  Vol.  XXXlX.  pp.  327-342. 

11.  Hibbard,  B.  H.- — History  of  Agrictdture  in  Dane 

County,  Wisconsin.  Bulletin  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin,  1904,  Part  II,  Chapters  I 
to  VII,  inclusive. 
Tenancy  in  the  Xorth  Central  States,  in  The 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  Vol.  XXV, 
1911,  pp.  710-729.  Reprinted  in  Carver's 
Selected  Readings  in  Rural  Economics,  1916, 
pp.   508-522. 

12.  Mappin,  W.  F. — Farm  Mortgages  and  the  Small 

Farmer,  in  The  Political  Science  Quarterly, 
Vol.  IV,  1889,  pp.  433-451. 

13.  Merk,    Frederick. — The     Economic     History    of 

Wisconsin    during    the   Civil   War  Decade,  in 
68 


Publications  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of 
Wisconsin, 
li.  MacDonald,  James. — Food  from  the  Far  West, 
or  American  Agriculture  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  the  Beef  Production  and  Importation 
of  Dead  Meat  from  America  to  Great  Britain. 
(London,  1878.) 

15.  Robinson,  E.  V. — Economic  History  of  Agricul- 

ture in  Minnesota,  in  University  of  Minnesota 
Social  Science  Studies,  No.  3,  1915,  Chapters 
IV,  V. 

16.  Ross,  J.   B. — The    Agrarian    Revolution    in    the 

Middle  West,  in  The  North  American  Review, 
Vol.  190  (1909),  pp.  376-391. 
Agrarian   Changes  in  the  Middle   West,  in   The 
Political  Science   Quarterly,  Vol.  XXV,    1910, 
pp.  625-637. 

17.  Smalley,    E.    V. — TJie     Isolation     of     Life     on 

Prairie  Farms,  in  The  Atlantic  Monthly,  Vol. 
72   (1893),  pp.  378-382. 

18.  Thompson,   C.   W. — Movement   of    Wheat-Grow- 

ing, in  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  Vol. 
XVIII,   1904,  pp.   570-584. 

19.  Thompson,  J.  G. — The  Rise  and  Decline  of  the 

Wheat-Growing  Industry  in  Wisconsin.  Bul- 
letin of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  1907, 
Part  II,  Chapters  II  to  X,  inclusive. 

20.  Thwaites,  R.   G. — Cyrus    Hall    McCormick    and 

the  Reaper,  in  Proceedings  of  the  State  His- 
torical Society  of  Wisconsin,  1909,  pp.  234- 
259. 

21.  Turner,  F.  J.— The  Middle  West,  in  The  Inter- 

national Monthly,  Vol.   IV,  pp.  794-820. 

22.  Webster,  E.  H. — Fifty  Years  of  Kansas  Agricul- 

ture^ in  Kansas  Historical  Society  Collections, 
Vol.  XII,  pp.  60-64. 

23.  Wright,  C.  W.— Wool-Growing  and  the  Tariff',  in 

Harvard    Economic    Studies,    Vol.    V,      1910, 
Chapters  VI,  VII,  VIII. 
69 


24'.  Brewer,  W.  H. — Cereal  Production  (special  re- 
port), in  the  Tenth  Census  of  the  United 
States   (1880),  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  381-553. 

25.  Xeftel,  Knight. — Flour-Millincj   (special  report), 

in  Tenth  Census  of  the  United  States  (1880), 
Vol.  Ill,  pp.  561-582. 

26.  Encyclopedia     Britannica     (Eleventh     Edition). 

For  states  of  North  Central  Group. 

27.  Agricultural  Progress  of  Fifty  Years,  1850-1900, 

in  Twelfth  Census  of  the  United  States 
(1900),  Vol.  V,  pp.  xvi-xxxv. 

28.  United   States    Census    Reports    of    1S60.    1870, 

1880,  1890  and  1900.  Volumes  on  "  Popula- 
tion "  and  "  Agriculture."  Consult  reports  on 
states  of  the  North  Central  Group. 

29.  Statistical  Atlas  of  the  United  States  (1914),  pp. 

18-19  for  distribution  of  population  by  decen- 
nial periods.  See  also  maps  showing  distribu- 
tion of  population. 

30.  Annual  Report  of  the  Statistician,  in  the  Annual 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

31.  Annual  Reports    of    the    State    Departments   of 

Agriculture  for  the  States  of  the  Xorth  Central 
Group. 

32.  Agricultural  Periodicals. 

XXVI. 

AGRICULTURE    IN    THE    SOUTH    CENTRAL    STATES. 
1860-1900. 

Kentucky,    Tennessee,    Alabama,    Mississippi, 
Arkansas,  Louisiana,  Oklahoma  and  Texas. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson.  C.  ]M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.    605-608,   627-629. 

2.  Coman,   Katharine. — Industi-ial    History    of    the 

United  States  (Revised  edition  of  1910),  pp. 
307-312. 

70 


3.  Gamer,    J.    W. — Reconstruction    in    Mississippi 

(1901),  Chapter  IV. 

4.  Grady,  H.  W. — Cotton  and  Its  Kingdom,  in  Har- 

per's Magazine,  Vol.  63,  1881,  pp.  719-73i. 
The  Nezo  South,  1890. 

5.  Haaimond,  M.  B. — The  Cotton  Industry,  in  Pub- 

lications of  the  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion. New  Series.  No.  1,  Part  I,  1897, 
Chapters  IV,  V,  VI,  VII. 
The  Southern  Farmer  and  the  Cotton  Question, 
in  The  Political  Science  Quarterly,  Vol.  XII, 
1897,  pp.  450-175. 

6.  Hart,  A.  B.—The  Southern  South,  1910. 

7.  Hibbard,  B.  H. — Tenancy  in  the  Southern  States, 

in  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  Vol. 
XXVII,  pp.  482-496. 

8.  Holmes,  G.  K. — Peons  of  the  So7ith,  in  Annals  of 

the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Vol.  IV,  1893,  pp.  265-274. 

9.  Jacobstein,  M. — The    Tobacco    Industry    in    the 

United  States,  in  the  Columbia  University 
Studies,  Vol.  XXVI,  1907,  No.  3,  Part  II, 
Chai^ters   I  to  VII,  inclusive. 

10.  Loring,  F.  W.,  and  Atkinson,  C.  J. — Cotton  Cul- 

ture and  the  South  Considered  zvith  Reference 
to  Emigration,   1869. 

11.  Paxson,  F.   L. — The  Netu  Nation,  in  the   River- 

side  History  of  the   United   States,  Vol.   IV, 

1915,  Chapter  XII. 

12.  Scherer,  J.  A.  B. — Cotton    as    a    World    Power, 

1916,  Book  VI. 

13.  Stone,  A.  H. — Some  Problems  in  Southern  Eco- 

nomic History,  in    The    American    Historical 
Review,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  4,  1908,  pp.  779-797. 
Studies    in    the    American   Race    Problem,    1908, 
Part  II,  Chapters  III,  IV,  V. 

14.  Agricultural  Progress  of  Fifty  Years,  1850-1900, 

in  Twelfth  Census  of  the  United  States 
(1900),  Vol.  V,  pp.  xvi-xxxv. 

71 


15.  Encyclopedia     Britannica     (Eleventh     Edition). 

For  states  of  the  South  Central  Group. 

16.  Annual  Report  of  the  Statistician,  in  the  Annual 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

17.  United    States    Census    Reports    of    1860,    1870, 

1880,  1890  and  1900.  Volumes  on  "  Popula- 
tion "  and  "Agriculture."  Consult  these  vol- 
umes for  the  states  of  the  South  Central 
Group. 

18.  Annual  Reports  of  the  State  Department  of  Agri- 

culture for  the  States  of  the  South  Central 
Group. 

19.  Agricultural  Periodicals. 

20.  General  Bibliography  on  The  Xexa  South,  from 

1870  to  1895,  is  given  in  Chauning,  Hart,  and 
Turner's  Guide  to  the  Study  and  Reading  of 
American  History  (Revised  edition,  1912), 
pp.  536-538. 

XXVII. 

THE   RANGE    AND   RANCH    CATTLE   INDUSTRY. 
1860-1900. 

1.  Barker,  R.  M. — The  Economics  of  Cattle-Ranch- 

ing in  the  Southxcest,  in  The  Review  of  Re- 
views, Vol.  XXIV,  1901,  pp.  305-313. 

2.  Chapman,  Arthur. — The  Last  JVar  for  the  Cattle 

Range,  in  Outing,  Vol.  46,  1905,  pp.  668-675. 

3.  Cunniff,  M.  G.—The  101  Ranch,  in  The  World's 

Work,  Vol.  11.  1906,  pp.  7219-7228. 

4.  Gordon,    Clarence. — Meat   Production,   in    Tenth 

Census  of  the  United  States  (1880),  Vol.  Ill, 
pp.  965-1116. 

5.  Harger,  C.  M. — Cattle  Trails  of  the  Prairies,  in 

Scribner's  Magazine,  Vol.  XI,  pp.  732-742. 

6.  Hough,  Emerson.^ — The    Story    of    the    Coivhoy, 

1898. 

7.  Howard.  R.  R.— T/ie  Passing  of  the  Cattle  King, 

in  The  Outlook,  Vol.  98.  1911.  pp.  195-204. 


8.  Laut^  A.  C. — The  Passing  of  the  Ranch,  in  Col- 

lier's, Vol.  43,   1909,  pp.   18-19. 

9.  Love,  C.  M. — History  of  the  Cattle  Industry  in 

the  Southwest,  in  The  Southwestern  Historical 
Quarterly,  Vol.  XIX,  No.  4,  April,  1916,  pp. 
370-399;  Vol.  XX,  No.  1,  July,  1916,  pp.  1-18. 

10.  McCoy,   J.   G.— Historic  Sketches  of  the   Cattle 

Trade  of  the  West  and  Southwest,  187^. 

11.  Nimmo,  Joseph. — Report  in  Regard  to  the  Range 

and  Ranch  Cattle  Business  of  the  United 
States,  in  Annual  Report  on  the  Internal  Com- 
merce of  the  United  States,  1885,  pp.  95-294, 
with  five  maps.  United  States  Treasury  De- 
partment, Bureau  of  Statistics.  Reprinted 
without  the  maps  as  House  Executive  Docu- 
ment, No.  267.  Forty-eighth  Congress,  Sec- 
ond Session,  1884-1885.  An  exceedingly 
valuable  and  indispensable  rejjort.  ]Map  No. 
1  is  essential. 

12.  Roosevelt,  T. — In  Cowboy  Land,  in  TJie  Outlook, 

Vol.   104,   1913,  pp.   148-172. 
A   Sheriff's   Worh  on  a  Ranch,  in   The   Century 
Magazine,  Vol.  XXXVI,  1888,  pp.  39-51. 

13.  Steger,  H.  P. — Photographing  the  Cowboy  as  He 

Disappears,  in  The  World's  Work,  Vol.  XVII, 
1909,  pp.  11111-11124. 

14.  Strother,   T. — The  Last  of  the   Cattle  Kings,  in 

The  World's  Work,  Vol.  XVI,  1908,  pp. 
10680-10683. 

15.  White,   S.    E. — Round-up  Days,  in   Outing,  Vol. 

51.  1907,  pp.  45-52,  127-140,  321-329. 

16.  Wyeth,    N.     C. — Day    with    the    Round-up,     in 

Scribner's  Magazine,  Vol.  XXXIX,  1906,  pp. 
285-290. 

17.  The  Pastoral  Lands  of  America,  in  Annual   Re- 

port of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  1870. 
pp.  301-310. 

18.  The    Texas   Cattle   Trade,  in   Annual   Report   of 

the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  1870,  pp. 
3t6-352 

73 


XXVIII. 

AGRICULTURE     IN    THE     WESTERN     STATES    AND 
TERRITORIES. 

1860-1900. 

Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  Utah,  Idaho,  Nevada,  California, 
Oregon,  and  Washington. 

1.  Brigham,  A.   P. — Geographic    Influences,    Chap- 

ters VIII,  IX,  X. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  ^l. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  622-627. 

3.  Bowman,     Isaiah. — Forest     Physiography.      See 

Table  of  Contents. 

4.  Berglund,  A. — The  Wheat  Situation  in  Washing- 

ton, in  The  Political  Science  Quarterly,  Vol. 
XXIV,  pp.  489  and  following. 

5.  Coman,  Katherine. — Economic  Beginnings  of  the 

Far  West  (1912),  Vol.  II,  pp.  291-306. 

6.  Davis,  A.  P. — Reclamation  of  the  Arid  West  by 

the  Federal  Government,  in  Annals  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Vol.  XXXI,  pp.  203-218. 

7.  Dunn,  H.  D. — California:  Her  Agrictdtural  Re- 

sources, in  Annual  Report  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  1866,  pp. 
581-610. 

8.  Hibbard,  B.  H. — Tenancy  in  the  Western  States, 

in  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  Vol. 
XXVI  (1912),  pp.  363-376.  Reprinted  in 
Carver's  Selected  Readings  in  Rural  Eco- 
nomics, pp.  536-546. 

9.  Hill,  J.  J." — Highzcays  of  Progress. 

10.  Mead,  Elwood. — Rise  and  Future  of  Irrigation 
in  the  United  States,  in  Yearbook  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
1899,  pp.  591-612. 

74 


11.  Newell,  F.   H. — Irrigation  and  Irrigated  Lands, 

in    McLaughlin's    and    Hart's    Cyclopedia    of 
American  Government,  Vol.  II,  pp.  2ii9-2ii. 
Irrigation  in  the  United  States  (1906). 

12.  Paxson,    F.    L.- — The     Last     American     Frontier 

(1910). 

13.  Pyle,  J.  G. — The  Life  of  James  J.  Hill  (1917). 
l-i.  Schafer,  Joseph. — The  Pacific  Northwest. 

15.  Smalley,  F.   V.—The  Future  of  the   Great  Arid 

West,  in  The  Forum,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  467-475. 
Our  Sub-Arid  Belt,   in    The   Forum,   Vol.   XXI 
(1896),  pp.  486-493. 

16.  Smythe,  W.  E. — The  Conquest  of  Arid  America 

(1905). 

17.  Encyclopedia     Britannica     (Eleventh     Edition). 

Articles  on  the  states  composing  the  Western 
Group. 

18.  Agricultural  Progress  of  Fifty  Years,  lSoO-1900, 

in  Twelfth  Census  of  the  United  States 
(1900),  Vol.  V,  pp.  xvi-xxxv. 

19.  Agricidtiiral  Resources  of  Wyoming  Territory,  in 

Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  1870,  pp.  548-559. 

20.  Agricidtural  Topography  and  Resources  of  Mon- 

tana Territory,  in  Annual  Report  of  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  1871,  pp. 
431-448. 

21.  From  Cattle  Range  to  Orange  Grove,  in  Southern 

California  Historical  Society  Publications, 
Vol.  VIII,  Part  3,  pp.  145-157. 

22.  Early   Farming   in    Umatilla   County,   in   Oregon 

Historical  Society  Quarterly,  Vol.  XVI,  pp. 
343-349. 

23.  United    States    Censtis    Reports    for  1860,  1870, 

1880,  1890  and  1900.  Volumes  on  "  Popula- 
tion "  and  "  Agriculture  "  for  reports  on  the 
western  states. 

24.  Annual  Report  of  the  Statistician,  in  the  Annual 

Reports  of  tlie  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture. 


2o,  Annual  Reports   of    the    State    Departments    of 

Agriculture  in  the  Western  States. 
26.  Agricultural  Periodicals. 

XXIX. 

CROWTH    OF    INTERNAL    TRADE    AND    DOMESTIC    MARKETS. 

1860-1900. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L. — Economic  History  of  the  United 

States    (Revised    Edition   of    1912),   Chapters 
XXIV,  XXV. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  ]\I. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  6it-651,  655-686. 

3.  Coulter,  E.  M. — Effects   of   Secession    Upon    the 

Commerce  of  the  Mississippi  J'alley,  in  The 
Mississippi  J'alley  Historical  Review,  Vol. 
Ill,  No.  3  (1916),  pp.  275-300. 
Commercial  Intercourse  with  the  Confederacy, 
1861-1865,  in  The  Mississippi  J'alley  Histori- 
cal Revietv,  Vol.  V,  No.  4  (1919),  pp.  377- 
395. 
i.  Fite,  E.  D.- — Social  and  Industrial  Conditions  in 
the  North  During  the  Civil  JVar  (1910), 
Chapter  III. 

5.  Johnson,  E.  R. — History    of    the    Domestic    and 

Foreign     Commerce     of     the     United     States 
(1915),  Vol.   I,  pp.  270-282. 

6.  Lord,   Daniel. — TJie   Effect   of  Secession    on    the 

Commercial    Relations    between     NortJi     and 
South   (1861). 

7.  Merk,  F. — Economic  History  of  JVisconsin   Ter- 

■  ritory  During  tlie  Civil  JVar  Decade.  Publi- 
cations of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wis- 
consin. Studies.  Vol.  I,  1916.  Chapters  VIII, 
IX,  X.  XI.  XIII.  XIV,  XV.  See  also  map 
at  the  beginning  of  the  volume. 

8.  Ripley,  W.  Z. — Railroads:  Rates  and  Regulation. 


9.  Sparks,  E.  E. — Xational  Development,  in  The 
American  Nation,  Vol.  XXIII  (1907),  Chap- 
ter XVIII. 

10.  Veblen,  T.  B.—The  Price  of  Wheat  Since  1867, 

in  The  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  Vol.  I, 
1892,  pp.  68-103. 

11.  Annual  Report  of  the  Statistician,  in  the  Annual 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture.  Consult  those  portions  of  the 
Statistician's  Reports  which  treat  of  the 
growth  of  the  grain,  live-stock,  and  cotton  mar- 
kets. See  especially  the  Report  of  the  Sta- 
tistician for  1876. 

12.  Annual  Report  on  the  Internal  Commerce  of  the 

United  States.  United  States  Treasury  De- 
partment. Bureau  of  Statistics.  Issued  from 
1876  to  1891,  as  Part  II  of  the  Annual  Re- 
port on  Foreign  Commerce  and  Navigation  of 
the  United  States  during  this  period.  These 
reports  contain  a  large  amount  of  valuable 
historical  material.  The  report  for  1887  is 
especially  valuable  for  the  statistical  informa- 
tion concerning  the  trade  in  the  Mississippi 
River.  No  statistics  on  internal  trade  were 
compiled  between  1892  and  1899,  except  G.  G. 
Tunnell's  Lahe  Commerce  (1899). 

13.  Annual  Report  of  the   Chicago  Board  of  Trade 

(1858-1900). 

14.  Annual  Report  of     the    New    York    Chamber   of 

Commerce   (1855-1900). 

15.  The      Commercial      and      Financial       Chronicle 

(1865-1900). 

16.  The  Journal  of    Commerce  (1827-1900). 


77 


XXX. 

EXPANSION    OF    AGRICULTURAL   EXPORTS   AND    FOREIGN 
MARKETS. 

1860-1900. 

1.  Austin,  O.  P. — Imports  and  Exports  of  Agricul- 

tural Products,  in  Bailey's  Cyclopedia  of 
American  Agriculture,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  18-22. 

2.  Bogart,  E.  L.,  and  Thompson,  C.  M. — Readings 

in  the  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  651-65.5. 

3.  Chapman,  S.  J. — History  of  Trade  Betxoeen  the 

United  Kingdom  and  the  United  States 
(1899). 

4.  Day,   Clive.- — History  of    Commerce    (New   Edi- 

tion,  191  i).  Chapters  51,  52,  53. 

5.  Evans,     C.     H. — Domestic     Exports     from     the 

United  States  to  All  Countries,  1789-1882 
(188i). 

6.  Hammond,  M.  B. — The  Cotton  Industry,  in  Pub- 

lications of  the  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion, New  Series.  No.  1,  Part  I,  1897,  Chap- 
ters X,  XI. 

7.  Jacobstein,    ]\I. — The    Tobacco    Industry    in    the 

United  States,  in  the  Columbia  University 
Studies,  Vol.  XXVI  (1907).  No.  3.  Part  11, 
Chapter  VI. 

8.  Huebner,  G.  G. — Agricultural  Commerce  (1915). 

pp.  371-373. 

9.  Johnson.   E.   R. — History   of  Domestic  and  For- 

eign Commerce  of  the  United  States  (1915), 
Chapters  XXV.  XXVI.  See  also  pages 
356-359,  363-369,  and  376-.  81  for  Bibliogra- 
phy on  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United 
States  from  1789  to  1914. 
10.  Schmidt,  L.  B.—The  Influence  of  Wheat  and 
Cotton  on  Anglo-American  Relations  During 
the  Civil  War„  in  The  Iowa  Journal  of  His- 
tory and  Politics,  Vol.  XVI  (1918),  pp.  400- 
439. 

78 


11.  Slialer,  N. — The  United  States  of  America.  Vol. 

I,  pp.  558-569. 

12.  Webster,  W.  C. — General  History  of  Commerce 

(1903),  Chapter  XXIX. 

13.  Annual  Report  of  the  Statistician,  in  the  Annual 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture.  Consult  these  portions  of  the 
Statistician's  Reports  which  treat  of  the  ex- 
port trade  in  grain,  live  stock  products,  and 
cotton. 

14.  Annual  Report    on    the    Foreign    Commerce    and 

Navigation  of  the  United  States.  Prepared 
from  1820  to  1866  in  the  office  of  the  Register 
of  the  Treasury  and  from  1866  to  1903  by  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics  which  was  conaected 
with  tlie  United  States  Treasury  Department. 

15.  Statistical   Abstract   of    the    United  States    (An- 

nual  since    1878).     Bureau   of   Statistics. 

16.  Monthly    Summary    of    Commerce    and    Finance 

(Monthly  since  1896).  The  following  mono- 
graphs are  especially  valuable: 

"American  Commerce,  1821-1898"  (June, 
1899). 

"  The  Grain  Trade  of  the  United  States  "  (Jan- 
uary, 1900). 

"  The  Provision  Trade  of  the  United  States  " 
(February,  1900). 

"  The  Cotton  Trade  of  the  United  States  " 
(March,  1900). 

XXXI. 

THE   RISE   AND   GROWTH   OF   FARMERS^  ORGANIZATIONS. 

1865-1900. 

1.  Adams,  C.   F. — The  Granger  Movement,  in   The 

North  American  Revierc,  Vol.  120  (1875),  pp. 
394-424. 

2.  Adams,  H.  B.   (Editor). — History    of    Co-opera- 

tion in   the   United  States,  in  Johns   Hopkins 
University  Studies,  Vol.  VI    (1888),  540  pp. 
Monographic  studies  by  geographic  divisions. 
79 


3.  Atkeson,  T.  C. — Semi-Centennial  History  of  the 

Patrons  of  Husbandry   (1916). 

4.  Bemis,    E.    W. — The   Discontent   of   the   Farmer, 

in  The  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  Vol.  I 
(1893),  pp.    193-213. 

5.  Buck,   S.   J.- — The   Granger  Movement,   in   Har- 

vard Historical  Studies,  Vol.  XIX  (1913). 
The  best  treatment  of  this  subject. 

6.  Butterfield,    K.    L. — Farmers'    Social    Organisa- 

tions,   in    Bailey's    Cyclopedia    of    American 
Agriculture,  Vol.   IV,  pp.   289-297. 
The  Grange,  in  The  Forum,  Vol.  XXXI  (1901), 
pp.   231-24-2. 

7.  Detrick.  C.  R. — Effects  of  the  Granger  Acts,  in 

The  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  Vol,  II 
(1903),  pp.  237-256. 

8.  Emerick,    C.    Y.—An    Analysis    of    Agricultural 

Discontent  in  the  United  States,  in  The  Po- 
litical Science  Quarterly,  Vol.  XI  (1896),  pp. 
433-463,  601-639;  XII  (1897),  pp.  93-127. 
Reprinted  in  Carver's  Selected  Readings  in 
Rural  Economics,  pp.  699-763. 

9.  Martin,   E.   W. — History    of   the    Grange   Move- 

ment (1874). 

10.  Periam,  Jonathan. — The  Groundsicell  (1874). 

11.  Pierson,  C.  W. — The  Rise  of  the  Granger  Move- 

ment, in  Popidar  Science  Monthly.  Vol. 
XXXII  (1897),  pp.  199-208.  Reprinted  in 
Carver's  Selected  Readings  in  Rural  Eco- 
nomics, pp.  645-657. 
The  Outcome  of  the  Granger  Movement,  in 
Popular  Science  Monthly,  Vol,  XXXII 
(1888),  pp.  368-373.  Reprinted  in  Carver's 
Selected  Readings  in  Rural  Economics,  pp. 
658-665. 

12.  Condition  of  Agriculture  in  the  Cotton  States,  in 

Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture   (1874),  pp.  215-238. 
80 


13.  History  of  Our  Rural   Organizations,  in  Annual 

Report  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  (1875),  pp.  i37-i68. 

14.  Bibliography  on   the  Granger  Movement  is  given 

in  Buck's  The  Granger  Movement,  Harvard 
Historical  Studies,  Vol.  XIX  (1913),  pp.  315- 
351.  Extensive  and  well  classified.  Contains 
references  to  related  subjects  such  as  The 
Farmers'  Alliance  and  the  Populist  Move- 
ment.     Indispensable. 

XXXII. 

THE    FARIIER   AS   A    FACTOR   IN    POLITICS   AND   LEGIS- 
LATION. 

1860-1900. 

1.  Ashley,  N.  B.—The  Riddle  of    the    Sphinx.     A 

discussion  of  the  economic  questions  relating 
to  agriculture,  land,  transportation,  money, 
taxation,  and  cost  of  interchange.  A  consid- 
eration of  possible  remedies  for  existing  in- 
equalities, and  an  outline  of  the  position  of 
agriculture  in  the  industrial  world  with  a  com- 
prehensive history  of  the  leading  farm  organi- 
zations, their  constitutions  and  by-laws.  (Des 
Moines,   Iowa,   1890.) 

2.  Chamberlain,     H.     R.- — Farmers'     Alliance     and 

Other  Political  Parties,  in   The   Chautauquan, 
Vol.  XIII    (1891),  pp.  338-312. 
The  Farmers'  Alliance:  What  it  Aims  to  Accom- 
plish   (1891). 

3.  Dewey,  D.   R. — Financial  History  of  the   United 

States  (Fourth  Edition,  Revised,  1912),  Chap- 
ters, XIV,  XV,  XVI,  XVII,  XVIII,  XIX. 

4.  Drew,  F.  M. — The  Present  Farmers'  Movement, 

in  Political  Science  Quarterly,  Vol.  VI  (1891), 
pp.  282-310. 

5.  Dunning,    N.    A.    (Editor). — The    Farmers'    Al- 

liance History  and  Agricultural  Digest 
(1891),  pp.  742. 

81 


6.  Haynes,  F.  E. — Third    Party    Movements    Since 

the  Civil  War  xcith  Special  Reference  to  Iowa 
(1916). 
James  Baird  Weaver  (1919). 

7.  Hormell,  O.  C. — Populist  Party,  in  McLaughlin 

and  Hart's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Govern- 
ment, Vol.  II,  pp.  757-758. 

8.  Libby.  O.  H. — A  Study  of  the  Greenback  Move- 

ment, in  Wisconsin  Academy  Transactions, 
Vol.  XII,  Part  II,  pp.  530  and  following. 

9.  McVey,  T.  L. — The  Populist  Movement,  in  Eco- 

nomic Studies,  Vol.  I,  No.  3  (1896),  pp.  131- 
202.      Bibliography,  pp.  202-209. 

10.  Merk,  F. — Economic  History  of  Wisconsin  Dur- 

ing the  Civil  War  Decade.  Publications  of 
the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin 
Studies,  Vol.  I   (1916),  Chapter  XII. 

11.  Noyes,  A.  D. — Forty  Years  of  American  Finance, 

1865-1907. 

12.  Paxson,  F.   L. — The  Nexv  Nation,  in  the  River- 

side History  of  the  United  States  (1915), 
Chapters  II,  IV,  XI,  XIII,  XIV. 

13.  Peffer,   W.    A. — The   Farmers'   Defensive   Move- 

ment, in  The  Forum,  Vol.  VIII  (1889),  pp. 
463-473. 

14.  Ruggles,    C.    O. — The    Economic    Basis    of    the 

Greenback  Movement  in  Iowa  and  Wisconsin, 
in  Proceedings  of  the  ^Mississippi  Valley  His- 
torical Association,  Vol.  VI  (1912-1913),  pp. 
142-165. 

15.  Stanwood,   E. — History   of  the   Presidency,  Vol. 

I,  Chapters  XXX,  XXXI. 

16.  Turner,  F.  J. — The  Problem  of  the  West,  in  The 

Atlantic  Monthly^  Vol.  78,  pp.  289  and  follow- 
ing. 

17.  Walker,  C.  S. — The  Farmers'  Movement,  in  An- 

nals of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science,  Vol.  IV  (1894),  pp.  790-798. 

18.  Wildman,  M.  S. — Money  Inflation. 

82 


19.  Woodburn,    J.    A. — Political    Parties    and   Parti/ 

Problems  in  the  United  States  (Second  edi- 
tion, 1914),  Chapter  VIII. 

20.  Magazines  and  Periodicals. 

XXXIII. 

THE  RELATION  OF  THE  STATE  TO  AGRICULTURE. 
1862-1900. 

1.  Aurner,  C.  R. — History    of   Education    in    Iowa, 

Vol.  IV  (1916),  Part  II.  An  account  of  the 
Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Me- 
chanic Arts  from  date  of  establishment  in 
1858  to  1916. 

2.  Bailey,  L.  H. — Relations  of  Government  to  Agri- 

culture, in  McLaughlin  and  Hart's  Cyclopedia 
of  American  Government,  Vol.  I,  pp.  19-20. 

Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  Vol.  IV, 
Chapter  VIII:  "  Education  by  Means  of  Agri- 
culture," and  Chapter  IX :  "  Governmental 
and  Legal  Aid  and  Control."  Chapter  IX 
consists  of  fifteen  articles  by  different  authori- 
ties on  selected  phases  of  this  subject. 

The  State  and  the  Farmer   (1908). 

3.  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (Eleventh  Edition),  pp. 

420-421,  422. 

4.  James,  E.  J. — Origin  of  the  Land  Grant  Act  of 

1862,  University  of  Illinois  Studies,  Vol.  IV, 
No.  1,  1910. 

5.  Greathouse,    C.    H. — Historical     Sketch     of     the 

United  States  Department  cf  Agricidture. 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
Bulletin  Xo.  3. 

6.  Learned,    H.    B. — The   President's    Cabinet,   pp. 

292-345. 

7.  Moore,  Charles. — Department  of  Agriculture,  in 

McLaughlin  and  Hart's  Cyclopedia  of  Ameri- 
can Government,  Vol.  I,  \t\).  15-19. 
83 


8.  True,     A.     C, — Agricultural     Education    in    the 

United    States,    in    Yearbook    of    the    United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  (1899),  pp. 
157-190. 
Agricultural  Experiment  Stations  in   the   United 
States.      Ibid,  pp.  513-548. 

9.  Annual  Report  of  the   Commissioner  of  Agricul- 

ture, 1862  to  1888,  printed  in  the  Annual  Re- 
port of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture for  the  years  indicated. 

10.  Annual  Report   of  the   Secretary   of  Agriculture^ 

1889  to  the  present,  printed  in  the  Annual 
Report  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  the  years  indicated.  These 
reports  present  in  consecutive  form  a  history 
of  the  activities  and  services  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  from  its  es- 
tablishment in  1862  to  the  present.  See 
especially  the  Annual  Report  of  Secretary 
James  Wilson  printed  in  the  Annual  Report  of 
the  Department  of  1912.  This  report  pre- 
sents a  history  of  the  Department's  service  for 
the  sixteen  years  of  I\Ir.  Wilson's  incumbency. 

11.  Proceedings  of  the  Association  of  American  Agri- 

cultural Colleges  and  E.rperiment  Stations. 

12.  United  States  Statutes  at  Large:  ISIorrill  Act  of 

1862;  Hatch  Act  of  1887;  Second  Morrill  Act. 
1890;  Adams  Act  of  1906;  Smith-Lever  Act 
of  1914.;  Smith-Hughes  Act  of  1917. 


Part  IV. 

THE  REORGANIZATION  OF  THE 
AGRICULTURAL  INDUSTRY. 

1900-1920. 


XXXIV. 

THE    PUBLIC    LANDS. 
1900-1920. 

1.  Coman,    Katlierine. — Industrial    History    of    the 

United  States  (Revised  Edition  of  1910),  pp. 
407-413. 

2.  Hill,  R.  T. — The  Public  Domain  and  Democracy, 

in  the  Columbia  University  Studies,  Vol. 
XXXVIII   (1910),  Chapters  VII,  VIII,  IX. 

3.  Laut,  A.  C. — The  End  of  the  Free  Land,  in  Col- 

lier's, Vol.  47,  pp.  15  and  following. 

4.  Puter,  S.  A.   D. — Looters  of  the  Public  Domain 

(1908).     See  Table  of  Contents,  pp.  492-495. 

5.  Treat,  P.  J. — Public  Lands  and  the  Public  Land 

Policy,  in  ^IcLaughlin  and  Hart's  Cyclopedia 
of  American  Government,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  97. 

6.  American  Year  Book.     1910  and  succeeding  years 

to  date. 

7.  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  the  Gen- 

eral Land  Office.  See  especially  Reports  for 
1904,  pp.  51-57,  and  1905,  pp.  42-52,  for 
"  Partial  Report  of  the  Public  Lands  Com- 
mission." 

8.  Report  of  the  Public  Lands  Commission  (1905). 

9.  Report    of    the    National    Conservation    Commis- 

sion (1909). 

10.  Annual    Messages    of   Presidents    Roosevelt    and 

Taft. 

11.  Congressional  Record.     See  Index  volumes  under 


"  Public  Lands." 


85 


XXXV. 

THE  NEW  AGRICULTURE. 
1900-1920. 

1.  Blakey,    R.    G. — The   United  States  Beet  Sugar 

Industry  and  the  Tariff,  in  the  Columbia  Uni- 
versity Studies,  Vol.  i7,  No.  2  (1912),  pp. 
269-524. 

2.  Collins,  T.  B. — The  New  Agriculture. 

3.  Coulter,  J.  L. — Agricultural  Development  in  the 

United  States,  1900-1910,  in  The  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Economics,  Vol.  XXVII,  pp.  1-26. 
Reprinted  in  Carver's  Selected  Readings  in 
Rural  Economics,  pp.  317-336. 
Industrial  History  of  the  J^alley  of  the  Red 
River  of  the  North,  in  Publications  of  the 
State  Historical  Society  of  North  Dakota,  Vol. 

III,  pp.  116-142. 

4.  Crookes,    Sir    W.—The    Wheat    Problem  (Third 

Edition,  Revised,  1917). 

5.  Robinson,  E.  V. — Economic  History  of  Agricul- 

ture in  Minnesota.     Studies  in  Social  Science, 
No.  3,  1915,  Chapter  VI. 
Changes  in  Minnesota  Agriculture,  in  Bulletin  of 
the  American  Statistical  Association,  1910. 

6.  Sanford,  A.  H. — The  Story  of  Agriculture  in  the 

United  States  (1915),  Chapters  XXIII  to 
XXIX,  inclusive. 

7.  Stone,    A.    H. — Studies    in    the    American    Race 

Problem     (1908),     Part     II,     Chapters     III, 

IV,  V. 

Some  Problems  in  Southern  Economic  History, 
in  The  American  Historical  Review,  Vol. 
XIII,  No.  4,  1908,  pp.  779-797. 

8.  Taussig,    F.    W. — Some    Aspects    of    the    Tariff 

Question  (1915),  Chapter  VII  on  Beet  Sugar. 

9.  Thompson,    J.    G. — The    Rise    and    Decline    of 

Wheat-Groxoing  Industry  in  Wisconsin,  Bulle- 
tin  of    the   University   of    Wisconsin    (1907), 
Part  II,  Chapter  XI. 
86 


10.  Wallace,  D.  D. — Southern  Agriculture :   Its  Con- 

ditions and  Needs,  in  Popular  Science 
Monthly,  Vol.  6i  (January,  1904),  pp.  245- 
261. 

11.  Wiest,    Edward. — The    Butter    Industry    in    the 

United  States,  in  the  Columbia  University 
Studies,  Vol.  69,  No.  2  (1916),  pp.  235-488. 

12.  Wright,  C.  W. — Wool-Grozcing  and  the  Tariff,  in 

Harvard  Economic  Studies,  Vol.  V  (1910), 
Chapters  VIII,  IX. 

13.  Plantations   in   the  South,   in   Thirteenth   Census 

of  the  United  States  (1910),  Vol.  V,  pp.  877- 
889. 

14.  Irrigation,  in   Thirteenth  Census   of    the   United 

States  (1910),  Vol.  V,  pp.  827-876. 

15.  Report    of    the    Industrial    Commission     (1910), 

Vol.  10,  Agriculture  and  Agricultural  Labor. 

16.  Twelfth    Census    of    the    United   States    (1900). 

Volumes  on  "  Population  "  and  "  Agriculture." 
Consult  Tables  of  Contents  of  these  volumes. 

17.  Thirteenth   Census  of  the   United  States   (1910). 

Volumes  on  "  Population  "  and  "Agriculture." 
Consult  Tables  of  Contents  of  these  volumes. 

18.  Yearbooks   of  the   United  States  Department  of 

Agriculture. 

19.  Annual  Reports  of  the  United  States  Department 

of  Agriculture. 

20.  Agricultural  Periodicals. 

21.  The  materials  on  recent  phases  of  economic  his- 

tory lack  organization.  The  student  of  this 
period  will  find  the  following  aids  of  consid- 
erable value:  Writings  in  American  History, 
The  Annual  Library  Index,  Supplement  to 
Poole's  Index,  The  Reader's  Guide,  The 
United  States  Catalogue  and  The  American 
Catalogue. 


87 


XXXVI. 

RECENT  DEVELOPMENT  IN   INTERNAL   TRADE. 
1900-1920. 

1.  Adams,     A.      B. — Marheting     Perishable     Farm 

Products,  in  the  Columbia  University  Studies, 
Vol.  72,  No.  3  (1916),  pp.  373-536. 

2.  Bassett,  C.  E. — Co-operative  Marheting,  in  Year 

Book  of  tlie  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  1914,  pp.  185-210. 

3.  Huebner,  G.  G. — Agrictdtiiral  Commerce  (1915). 

4.  Johnson,   E.   R. — History  of  Domestic  and  For- 

eign Commerce  of  the  United  States  (1915), 
Vol.  I,  Chapter  XVIII. 

5.  King,  C.  L. — Can  the  Cost  of  Distributing  Food 

Products  be  Reduced?  in  Annals  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Vol.  48    (1913),  pp.   199-221. 

6.  Weld,  L.  D.  H. — Marketing  of    Farm  Products, 

1917. 

7.  Report    of    the    Industrial      Commission     (1900- 

1902),  Vol.  VI:  Distribution  of  Farm 
Products;  Vols.  IV.  IX:  Transportation;  Vol. 
XIX:  Final  Report. 

8.  Montldij    Summary    of    Commerce    and    Finance. 

United  States  Treasury  Department,  Bu- 
reau of  Statistics.  Report  for  ^Nlarch,  1901: 
"  Internal  Commerce." 

9.  Annual   Report    of   the    Chief   of    the   Bureau    of 

Statistics,  in  Annual  Report  of  th:  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  (1900- 
1919). 

10.  Statistical  Abstract  of  the   United  States.      (An- 

nual.) 

11.  Annual  Report  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade. 

12.  Annual    Report    of    the    Nexc    York    Chamber    of 

Commerce. 

13.  The  Commercial  and  Financial   Chronicle. 

14.  The  Journal  of  Commerce. 

88 


XXXVII. 

RECENT    CHANGES    IN    FOREIGN    COMMERCE. 

1900-1920. 

1.  Bogart,  E.  L,.— Economic  History  of  the  United 

States  (Revised  edition  of  1912),  Chapter 
XXXII. 

2.  Day,  Clive. — History  of  Commerce.      (New  edi- 

tion,   1914.)      Chapter  54. 

3.  Huebner,  G.  G. — Agricultural  Commerce  (1915), 

pp.  374-386.  See  also  Bibliography,  pp.  386, 
387. 

4.  Johnson,   E.   R. — History  of  Domestic  and  For- 

eign Commerce  of  the  United  States  (1915), 
Vol.  II,  Chapter  XXVII.  See  also  pages  379- 
381  for  United  States  Government  Publica- 
tions on  recent  development  of  the  foreign 
commerce  of  the  United  States. 

5.  Robinson,    E.    V. — Commercial    Geography,    pp. 

196-242. 

6.  Smith,   J.    R. — Industrial  and  Commercial   Geog- 

raphy (1913),  Part  II:  "Commercial  Geogra- 
phy." Consult  Table  of  Contents  under  ap- 
propriate chapter  headings. 

7.  Stead,     W.     T. — The     Americanization      of      the 

World,  pp.  342-381. 

8.  Whelplev,  J.  D.— ZVie  Trade  of  the  World,  1913, 

Chapter  XIV. 

9.  Magazines  and  Periodicals. 

10.  Statistical   Abstract    of   the    United   States. 

11.  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Sta- 

tistics, in  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

12.  Annual  Report    on    the    Foreign   Commerce  and 

Navigation  of  the  United  States. 

13.  Monthly  Sufumary  of  Commerce  and  Finance. 

14.  Daily   Trade   and   Consular  Reports.      Issued   bv 

the   Bureau  of    Foreign    and    Domestic    Com- 
merce.     Department      of      Commerce.     Tliese 
reports   date   from   January   1,   1898. 
8!) 


XXXVIII. 

AGRICULTURE     IN     RECONSTRUCTION. 

1.  Bailey,  L.  H. — Country  Living  in  the  Next  Gen- 

eration, in  The  Independent,  Vol.  85  (^March 
6,  1916),  pp.  336-338. 
The  Forthcoming  Situation  in  Agricultural 
Worh,  in  Science,  Vol.  4.1  (February  26, 
1915),  pp.  297-306;  Vol.  43  (January  21, 
1916),  pp.   44-87. 

2.  Boyle,  J.  E. — The    Agrarian    Movement    in    the 

Xorthzvest,  in  The  American  Economic  Re- 
view, Vol.  VIII  (September,  1918),  pp.  505- 
521. 

3.  Brand,     C.     J. — Distribution      of      Agricultural 

Products,  in  Friedman,  E.  H.:  American 
Problems  of  Reconstruction,  1918. 
The  J^ital  Concern  of  Agrictdture  in  Foreign 
Trade,  in  Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Political  and  Social  Science,  Vol.  83  (May, 
1919),  pp.  35-47. 

4.  Bickerdike,  C.  J. — Economics  and  the  Xexv  Agri- 

cultural Policy,  in  The  Economic  Journal, 
Vol.  XXVII  (December,  1917),  pp.  471-485. 

5.  Camp,     W.      R. — The     North     Carolina     Credit 

Union,  in  The  American  Economic  Review, 
Vol.  VI   (September,  1916),  pp.  689-693. 

6.  Carver,   T.    N. — The  Farmer's  Interest   in   For- 

eign Trade,  in  Report  of  National  Foreign 
Trade  Convention,  1917. 

7.  Davenport,    E. — The    Outlook    for    Agricultural 

Science.  Science  (New  Series),  Vol.  45 
(February  16,  1917),  pp.  149-160. 
Wanted:  A  National  Policy  in  Agricidture. 
Proceedings  of  the  Association  of  American 
Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Sta- 
tions, 1919,  pp.  52-68.  Also  printed  sepa- 
rately (Urbana,  Illinois,  1919). 

90 


8.  Ely,  R.   T.,  and  Galpin,  C.  J. — Tenancy  in  An 

Ideal  System  of  Land  Ownership,  in  The 
American  Economic  Review,  Sui^plement 
(March,  1919),  pp.   180-232. 

9.  Grantham,     A.     E. — Lessons    in   Solving   Labor, 

Credit,  and  Other  Production  Problems,  in 
Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political 
and  Social  Science,  Vol.  71  (November, 
1917),  pp.   210-223. 

10.  Hall,  A.   D. — Agriculture  After  the   War   (Lon- 

don),  1917. 

11.  Harger,  C.  M. — The  Middle  West's  Peace  Prob- 

lems, in  The  Atlantic  Monthly,  Vol.  123 
(April,  1919),  pp.  555-560. 

12.  Hibbard,  B.   H. — Agriculture  After  the   War,  in 

Wallace's  Farmer  (Des  Moines,  Iowa),  Vol. 
43,  No.  51,  December  20,  1918,  pp.  1058, 
1059. 
Effects  of  the  Great  War  Upon  Agriculture  in 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  Pre- 
liminary Economic  Studies  of  the  War,  No. 
II,  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace,  1919. 

13.  Hildreth,   M.   D. — Farmers   Capture   North  Da- 

kota, in  The  World's  Work,  Vol.  XXXII 
(Outlook),  1916,  pp.  678-689. 

14.  Howe,   F.   C. — The    Problem    of    the    American 

Farmer,  in  The  Century  Magazine,  Vol.  94 
(August,  1917),  pp.  625-632. 

15.  Houston,  D.  G. — Today  and  Tomorrow  in  Ameri- 

can   Agriculture.     United   States   Department 

of  Agriculture. 
Need  of  Strong  Departments  of  Agriculture  in 

the  States.     U.  S.  Dei^artment  of  Agriculture. 
Agriculture    After    the    War    Tasks,  in  Weekly 

News  Letter,   Vol.   VI    (December   7,    1918), 

pp.  1,  5-11. 


91 


16.  Houston,  D.   R.;   Pearson,  R.  A.,  and  Others. — 

The  Business  of  Agriculture  During  the  War 
and  After.  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  1918. 

17.  Jordon,     W.     H. — The    Future     of    Agricultural 

Education  and  Research  in  the  United  States, 
in  Science  (New  Series),  Vol.  47  (February 
8,  1918),  pp.  125-13i. 

18.  Kent,   William. — Land    Tenure   and  Public   Pol- 

icy, in  The  Yale  Reviezc,  Vol.  VIII  (April, 
1919),  pp.   56i-579. 

19.  Keir,  R.  ]\I.. — Resources  of  the  United  States  and 

Their  Relation  to  Opportunity,  in  Annals  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Vol.   59   (May,   1915),  pp.  6-18. 

20.  Lipson,  E. — Agricidture    After    the    War   (Eng- 

land), in  The  Fortnightly  Reviezc,  Vol.  107 
(January,  1917),  pp.  100-113;  Vol.  109 
(April,   1918),  pp.  618-626. 

21.  MacRae,  H. — Vitalizing    the    Nation    and    Con- 

serving Human  Units  through  the  Develop- 
ment of  Agricultural  Communities,  in  Annals 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science,  Vol.  63  (January,  1917),  pp. 
278-286. 

22.  Maiden,  W.   J. — Greater    Agriculture,   in    Nine- 

teenth Century.  Vol.  81  (January,  1917),  pp. 
171-192. 

23.  Morman.   J.   B. — TJte    Place    of    Agriculture    in 

Reconstruction,  1919.  A  collection  of  the  so- 
lutions which  other  countries  have  found  for 
the  problem  of  land  settlement,  for  discharged 
soldiers,  sailors  and  marines. 

21.  Nock,  A.  J. — The  West  Faces  the  Land  Question, 
in  The  Century  Magazine,  Vol.  95  (Decem- 
ber, 1917),  pp.'  295-301. 

25.  Nourse,  E.  G. — The  War  and  the  Bach-to-the- 
Land  Movement,  in  The  North  American  Re- 
viezc, Vol.  203  (February,  1916),  pp.  216- 
255. 

92 


The  Revolution  in  Farming,  in  The  Yale  Re- 
viexv,  Vol.  VIII   (October,'  1918),  pp.  90-105. 

Agriculture  in  the  Reconstruction  Period,  in 
Wallace's  Farmer  (Des  Moines,  Iowa),  Vol. 
51    (December  20,  1918),  1861. 

The  Place  of  Agriculture  in  Modern  Industrial 
Society,  in  The  Journal  of  Political  Economy, 
Vol.  XXVII  (June,  1919),  pp.  466-i97; 
(July,  1919),  pp.  561-577. 

26.  Putnam.   G.    E. — Agricultural   Credit   Legislation 

and  the  Tenancy  Problem,  in  The  American 
Economic  Reviexc,  Vol.  V  (December,  1915), 
pp.  805-815. 
Land  Tenure  Reform  and  Democracy,  in  Politi- 
cal Science  Quarterly,  Vol.  XXXI  (March, 
1916),  pp.  53-65. 

27.  Price,  T.  N. — Industrial  Reorganization  of  Agri- 

culture, in  The  Outlook,  Vol.  117  (October  3, 
1917),  pp.  176,  177. 

28.  Russell.  E.  J. — Agricultural  Reconstruction  After 

the  War,  in  Nature,  Vol.  101  (August  1, 
1918),  pp.  426-428. 

29.  Spillman,  W.  J. — The  Efficiency  Movement  in  Its 

Relation  to  Agriculture,  in  Annals  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Vol.  59   (May,  1915),  pp.  65-76. 

30.  Vrooman,     Carl. — The    Agricultural    Revolution, 

in  The  Century  Magazine,  Vol.  93  (November, 
1916),  pp.   111-123. 

31.  Wheeler,   R.   J. — The    Farmer    and    Reconstruc- 

tion. Intercollegiate  Society,  Vol.  VII  (Oc- 
tober, 1918),  pp.  8-11. 

32.  Wolff.  H.  ^V.—The    Future    of    Our   Agriculture 

(London),  1918. 

33.  Wolseley,  Viscountess. — The  Spirit  of  Co-opera- 

tion, in  The  Contemporary  Review,  Vol.  109 
(May,  1916).  pp.  611-619. 

34.  Wright,  L.   H. — Agriculture,    in    Proceedings    of 

the    Indiana    Conference     on     Reconstruction 
(1918),  pp.  58-66. 
93 


35.  Zon,  R. — Reconstruction  and  Natural  Resources, 

in  The  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  Vol. 
XXVII  (April,  1919),  pp.  280-299. 

36.  Galpin,  C.  J.,  and  Cox,  A.  B. — Rural,  Social  and 

Economic  Problems  of  the  United  States. 
American  Association  for  Agricultural  Legisla- 
tion.    Bulletin  No.  3,  June,  1919. 

37.  Making    Over  the  Nezv   England  Farm,  in   The 

Reviezv  of  Reviews,  Vol.  59  (March,  1919), 
pp.  278-280. 

38.  Back-to-the-Land,  in  The    North    American    Re- 

viexc,  Vol.  205  (May,  1917),  pp.  655-661. 
89.  Farmers'  Reconstruction,  in  The  Survey,  Vol.  41 
(January  25,  1919),  pp.  557-558. 

40.  Marketing  and  Farm   Credits.     A    collection    of 

papers  read  at  the  third  annual  session  of  the 
National  Conference  on  Marketing  and  Farm 
Credits  in  Joint  Program  with  the  National 
Council  of  Farmers'  Co-operative  Association 
in  Chicago,  1915. 

41.  Conferences  on  National  Agricidtural  Policies  and 

on  Land  Settlement  for  Ex-Service  Men,  in 
Proceedings  of  the  Association  of  American 
Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Sta- 
tions, 1919. 


94 


Ref  Z 

HDl^l-ll  Schmidt,  Louis  Bernard 

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1919    Topical  studies  smd  refer- 
ences on  the  economic 
history  of  American 


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